From Career Choice to Career Change: Experiences of PGDE Students in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Jaquiline Aman
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2022)
Abstract
This article presents findings from a qualitative inquiry that explored the underlying
motives of career change among Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) students
in Tanzania. Focused group discussions (FGDs) were used to collect data to address
two study objectives: first, explore the reasons why PGDE students tend to change
their career; and second, determine PGDE students’ intentions to join and stay in the
new career. The findings indicate that career change is motived by both intrinsic and
extrinsic factors. Specifically, career change motives are due to job dissatisfaction,
employment opportunities, wrong first career choice, and the desire for career growth.
This article provides relevant information on career change influencers and intentions
of PGDE students to join and stay in their new careers. A teacher who has moved from
one career paths to another needs professional support to cope with various
professional challenges. This would not only bridge the gap between becoming and
being a teacher, but also make easy for them to grow professionally. Based on the
findings, the article concludes that different motives for career change imply that
quality teacher training, and recruitment and retention strategies in the teaching
profession are worth re-thinking. The findings are discussed in the context of teacher
attraction and retention in Tanzania.
Keywords
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- Ahn, J., B.J. Dik & R. Hornback. 2017. The Experience of Career Change Driven by a Sense of Calling:
- An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Approach. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 102: 48–
- doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.003
- Amani, J. 2014. Factors Associated with Career Choice and Predictors of Career Intention Among
- Undergraduate Students in Tanzania. PhD thesis, Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
- Amani, J. 2016. Do Tanzanian Undergraduate Students Choose or Hunt for Their Degree
- Programmes? International Journal of Higher Education, 5(2): 74–81. doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v5n2p74
- Amani, J. & R. Sima. 2015. The Status of Career Counselling Services in Tanzanian Higher Learning
- Institutions. International Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2(8): 18– 28.
- Amani, J. & Komba, A. 2016. The Implications of Career Motivation and Work Commitment for
- Turnover Intention Among Public University Lecturers and Primary School Teachers in
- nTanzania. Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, 5(2): 1–16.
- Amani, J. & K.A.K. Mkumbo 2016. Predictors of Career Intentions Among Undergraduate Students
- in Tanzania, Journal of Education and Human Development, 5(3): 1–8. DOI: 10.15640/jehd.v5n3a12
- Andarabi, F.F. 2016. Career Change and Dissatisfaction Reasons for Hotel Managers: Ankara
- Example. The Journal of International Social Research, 9 (47): 829–835. DOI: 10.17719/ jisr.
- 1428
- Anthony, G. & K. Ord. 2008. Change of Career Secondary Teachers: Motivations, Expectations and
- Intentions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 36(4): 359–376. Doi: 10.1080/
- Ary, D., L.C. Jacobs & C. Sorensen. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (8th Edition). Belmont,
- CA: Wadsworth.
- Biswalo, M. 1996. University Crisis: A Student Counselling Perspective. In T.S.A Mbwete & A.G.M
- Ishumi. Managing University Crises. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
- Bojuwoye, O. & S. Mbanjwa. 2006. Factors Impacting Career Choice of Technikon Students from
- Previously Disadvantaged School. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 1(3): 3–16. Doi.Org/ 10.1080/
- 2006.10820099
- Braun, V. & V. Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology,
- , 77–101. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Bryman, A. 2006. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research: How is It Done? Qualitative
- Research, 6: 97– 113. doi: 10.1177/1468794106058877
- Bryman, A. 2012. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Carless, S. A. & J. L. Arnup. 2011. A Longitudinal Study of the Determinants and Outcomes of Career
- Change. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 80–91. doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.002
- Carrillo-Tudela, C., B. Hobijn, P. She & L. Visschers. 2016. The Extent and Cyclicality of Career
- Change. European Economic Review, 84, 18–41. Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Euroecorev.2015.09.008
- Chadi, A. & C. Hetschko. 2017. The Magic of the New: How Job Change Affect Job Satisfaction.
- Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 27(1): 23–29. https: //doi.org/10.1111/jems.12217
- Cosmas.V. J. 2010. Relationship Between Personality Traits and Career Choice Among Secondary School
- Students in Tanzania. Master’s thesis. University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Feldman, D. 2002. Second Careers and Multiple Careers. In C. L. Cooper & R. Burke (Eds.), The New
- World of Work (pp. 75–94). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
- Fouad, N. A. & J. Bynner. 2008. Work Transitions. American Psychologist, 63, 241–251. Doi:
- 1037/0003–066X.63.4.241
- Holland J. L. 1997. Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments
- (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
- Hussein, L., A. Jamil, A. Noor, M. Sibtain & S.M. Alishah. 2011. Relationship Between Professional
- Attitude of Secondary School Teachers with Their Teaching Behaviours. International Journal of
- Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1(3): 38–46.
- Ibarra, H. 2006. Career Change. In J. H. Greenhaus & G. A. Callanan (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Career
- Development (pp.77–83). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Igere, M.A. 2017. Career Choice and Its Influence on Academic Performance of Library and
- Information Science Students in a Nigerian University, Journal of Information and Knowledge
- Management, 8(2): 90–98.
- Ishumi, A. G. M. 2013. The Teaching Profession and Teacher Education: Trend and Challenges in the
- Twenty- First Century. Africa Education Review, 10 (1): 89–119 doi: 10.1080/ 18146627. 2013.855435.
- Kesse, E.N.Y.B. 2015. Determinants of Career Change Among Holders of Higher Degrees: The Case of
- University of Ghana Employees. Thesis, University of Ghana.
- Kilinc, A., H.M.G. Watt, P.W. Richardson. 2012. Factors Influencing Teaching Choice in Turkey. AsiaPacific Journal of Teacher Education, 40 (3): 199–226. Doi: 10.1080/1359866X.2012.700048
- Kitzinger, J. 1995. Qualitative Research: Introducing Focus Groups. BMJ, 311, 299–302. http: //dx.
- doi.org/ 10: 1136/bmj.311/7000.29
- Kyriacou, C. & M. Coulthard. 2000. Undergraduates’ Views of Teaching as a Career Choice. Journal
- of Education for Teaching 26(2): 117–126. doi: 10.1080/02607470050127036.
- Masdonati, J., G. Fournier & I.Z. Lahrizi. 2017. The Reasons Behind a Career Change Through
- Vocational Education and Training. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education
- Training, 4(3): 249–269. DOI: 10.13152/IJRVET.4.3.4
- Mgaiwa, S. J. 2020. Fostering Graduate Employability: Rethinking Tanzania’s University Practices.
- Sage Open, 1–14. doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006709
- Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MoEST). 2020. Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania.
- Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Education Science and Technology. United Republic of Tanzania.
- Mkumbo, K. A. 2013. Teachers’ Commitment to, and Experiences of, the Teaching Profession in
- Tanzania: Findings of Focus Group Research. International Educational Studies, 5(3): 222–227. doi:
- 5539/ies.v5n3p222.
- Mobley, W. H., S. O. Horner & A. T. Hollingsworth. 1978. An Evaluation of Precursors of Hospital
- Employee Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 408–414. Doi: 10.1037/0021–
- 63.4.408.
- Raveenther, A. 2017. The Relationship Between Career Choice and Environment, Opportunity and
- Personality. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8: 63–67.
- Raza, I., N. Kazmi & M. Zia-ur-Rehman. 2012. Determinants of Educational Career Change Decisions
- and Their Effect on Success of Decision: A Study of Professionals of Its Sector. International
- Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(4): 313–332.
- Rhodes, S.R. & M. Doering. 1983. An Integrated Model of Career Change. The Academy of
- Management Review, 8(4): 631–639. doi.org/10.2307/258264
- Rojewski, J. W. 1999. The Role of Chance in the Career Development of Individuals with Learning
- Disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 22(4): 267–278. doi.org/10.2307/1511261
- See, B. H. 2004. Determinants of Teaching as a Career. Paper Presented at the British Educational
- Research Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester. New York.
- Stuart, V.B. 2000. Reasons for Selecting Teaching Career and Remaining in the Profession: A Conversation
- with 10 African American Roanoke City Teachers. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
- University: United States of America.
- Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). 2019. List of University Institutions in Tanzania. Dar es
- Salaam: Tanzania Commission for Universities.
- Trivedi, R.P. 2012. A Study of Attitude of Teachers Towards Teaching Profession Teaching at
- Different Level. International Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 1(5). 24– 30. Retrieved from www.
- shreeprakashan.com
- Walkin, C. 2017. Elite Career-Changers and Their Experience of Initial Teacher Education. Journal
- for Education for Teaching, 43(2): 171–190. doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2017.1286775.
- Watt, H. & Richardson, P. 2007. Motivational Factor Influencing Teaching as Career Choice:
- Developmental and Validation of FTI-Choice Scale. Journal of Experimental Education, 75(3): 167–
- doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.3.167–202.
- Williams, J. & H. Forgasz. 2009. The Motivations of Career Change Students in Teacher Education.
- Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1): 95–108. DOI: 10.1080/13598660802607673
References
Ahn, J., B.J. Dik & R. Hornback. 2017. The Experience of Career Change Driven by a Sense of Calling:
An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Approach. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 102: 48–
doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.003
Amani, J. 2014. Factors Associated with Career Choice and Predictors of Career Intention Among
Undergraduate Students in Tanzania. PhD thesis, Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
Amani, J. 2016. Do Tanzanian Undergraduate Students Choose or Hunt for Their Degree
Programmes? International Journal of Higher Education, 5(2): 74–81. doi: 10.5430/ijhe.v5n2p74
Amani, J. & R. Sima. 2015. The Status of Career Counselling Services in Tanzanian Higher Learning
Institutions. International Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 2(8): 18– 28.
Amani, J. & Komba, A. 2016. The Implications of Career Motivation and Work Commitment for
Turnover Intention Among Public University Lecturers and Primary School Teachers in
nTanzania. Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, 5(2): 1–16.
Amani, J. & K.A.K. Mkumbo 2016. Predictors of Career Intentions Among Undergraduate Students
in Tanzania, Journal of Education and Human Development, 5(3): 1–8. DOI: 10.15640/jehd.v5n3a12
Andarabi, F.F. 2016. Career Change and Dissatisfaction Reasons for Hotel Managers: Ankara
Example. The Journal of International Social Research, 9 (47): 829–835. DOI: 10.17719/ jisr.
1428
Anthony, G. & K. Ord. 2008. Change of Career Secondary Teachers: Motivations, Expectations and
Intentions. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 36(4): 359–376. Doi: 10.1080/
Ary, D., L.C. Jacobs & C. Sorensen. 2010. Introduction to Research in Education (8th Edition). Belmont,
CA: Wadsworth.
Biswalo, M. 1996. University Crisis: A Student Counselling Perspective. In T.S.A Mbwete & A.G.M
Ishumi. Managing University Crises. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
Bojuwoye, O. & S. Mbanjwa. 2006. Factors Impacting Career Choice of Technikon Students from
Previously Disadvantaged School. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 1(3): 3–16. Doi.Org/ 10.1080/
2006.10820099
Braun, V. & V. Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology,
, 77–101. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bryman, A. 2006. Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research: How is It Done? Qualitative
Research, 6: 97– 113. doi: 10.1177/1468794106058877
Bryman, A. 2012. Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carless, S. A. & J. L. Arnup. 2011. A Longitudinal Study of the Determinants and Outcomes of Career
Change. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 80–91. doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.002
Carrillo-Tudela, C., B. Hobijn, P. She & L. Visschers. 2016. The Extent and Cyclicality of Career
Change. European Economic Review, 84, 18–41. Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Euroecorev.2015.09.008
Chadi, A. & C. Hetschko. 2017. The Magic of the New: How Job Change Affect Job Satisfaction.
Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 27(1): 23–29. https: //doi.org/10.1111/jems.12217
Cosmas.V. J. 2010. Relationship Between Personality Traits and Career Choice Among Secondary School
Students in Tanzania. Master’s thesis. University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Feldman, D. 2002. Second Careers and Multiple Careers. In C. L. Cooper & R. Burke (Eds.), The New
World of Work (pp. 75–94). Oxford, England: Blackwell.
Fouad, N. A. & J. Bynner. 2008. Work Transitions. American Psychologist, 63, 241–251. Doi:
1037/0003–066X.63.4.241
Holland J. L. 1997. Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments
(3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hussein, L., A. Jamil, A. Noor, M. Sibtain & S.M. Alishah. 2011. Relationship Between Professional
Attitude of Secondary School Teachers with Their Teaching Behaviours. International Journal of
Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 1(3): 38–46.
Ibarra, H. 2006. Career Change. In J. H. Greenhaus & G. A. Callanan (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of Career
Development (pp.77–83). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Igere, M.A. 2017. Career Choice and Its Influence on Academic Performance of Library and
Information Science Students in a Nigerian University, Journal of Information and Knowledge
Management, 8(2): 90–98.
Ishumi, A. G. M. 2013. The Teaching Profession and Teacher Education: Trend and Challenges in the
Twenty- First Century. Africa Education Review, 10 (1): 89–119 doi: 10.1080/ 18146627. 2013.855435.
Kesse, E.N.Y.B. 2015. Determinants of Career Change Among Holders of Higher Degrees: The Case of
University of Ghana Employees. Thesis, University of Ghana.
Kilinc, A., H.M.G. Watt, P.W. Richardson. 2012. Factors Influencing Teaching Choice in Turkey. AsiaPacific Journal of Teacher Education, 40 (3): 199–226. Doi: 10.1080/1359866X.2012.700048
Kitzinger, J. 1995. Qualitative Research: Introducing Focus Groups. BMJ, 311, 299–302. http: //dx.
doi.org/ 10: 1136/bmj.311/7000.29
Kyriacou, C. & M. Coulthard. 2000. Undergraduates’ Views of Teaching as a Career Choice. Journal
of Education for Teaching 26(2): 117–126. doi: 10.1080/02607470050127036.
Masdonati, J., G. Fournier & I.Z. Lahrizi. 2017. The Reasons Behind a Career Change Through
Vocational Education and Training. International Journal for Research in Vocational Education
Training, 4(3): 249–269. DOI: 10.13152/IJRVET.4.3.4
Mgaiwa, S. J. 2020. Fostering Graduate Employability: Rethinking Tanzania’s University Practices.
Sage Open, 1–14. doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006709
Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MoEST). 2020. Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania.
Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Education Science and Technology. United Republic of Tanzania.
Mkumbo, K. A. 2013. Teachers’ Commitment to, and Experiences of, the Teaching Profession in
Tanzania: Findings of Focus Group Research. International Educational Studies, 5(3): 222–227. doi:
5539/ies.v5n3p222.
Mobley, W. H., S. O. Horner & A. T. Hollingsworth. 1978. An Evaluation of Precursors of Hospital
Employee Turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 408–414. Doi: 10.1037/0021–
63.4.408.
Raveenther, A. 2017. The Relationship Between Career Choice and Environment, Opportunity and
Personality. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8: 63–67.
Raza, I., N. Kazmi & M. Zia-ur-Rehman. 2012. Determinants of Educational Career Change Decisions
and Their Effect on Success of Decision: A Study of Professionals of Its Sector. International
Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(4): 313–332.
Rhodes, S.R. & M. Doering. 1983. An Integrated Model of Career Change. The Academy of
Management Review, 8(4): 631–639. doi.org/10.2307/258264
Rojewski, J. W. 1999. The Role of Chance in the Career Development of Individuals with Learning
Disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 22(4): 267–278. doi.org/10.2307/1511261
See, B. H. 2004. Determinants of Teaching as a Career. Paper Presented at the British Educational
Research Association Annual Conference, University of Manchester. New York.
Stuart, V.B. 2000. Reasons for Selecting Teaching Career and Remaining in the Profession: A Conversation
with 10 African American Roanoke City Teachers. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University: United States of America.
Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU). 2019. List of University Institutions in Tanzania. Dar es
Salaam: Tanzania Commission for Universities.
Trivedi, R.P. 2012. A Study of Attitude of Teachers Towards Teaching Profession Teaching at
Different Level. International Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 1(5). 24– 30. Retrieved from www.
shreeprakashan.com
Walkin, C. 2017. Elite Career-Changers and Their Experience of Initial Teacher Education. Journal
for Education for Teaching, 43(2): 171–190. doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2017.1286775.
Watt, H. & Richardson, P. 2007. Motivational Factor Influencing Teaching as Career Choice:
Developmental and Validation of FTI-Choice Scale. Journal of Experimental Education, 75(3): 167–
doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.3.167–202.
Williams, J. & H. Forgasz. 2009. The Motivations of Career Change Students in Teacher Education.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1): 95–108. DOI: 10.1080/13598660802607673