Are We Experiencing a ‘Post–Method’ Era In Second Language Teaching?
Corresponding Author(s) : Rodrick Gregory Ndomba,
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 3 No. 1 & 2 (2014): Volume 3, Nos. 1 & 2, 2014
Abstract
Approaches to Second Language teaching have been changing over time. The pivotal
force behind the changes globally has been the quest for the best approach. New
methods have emerged as old ones are discarded, with less prospects to achieve the
best. This paper revisits the chronology of events characterizing the war of methods
globally, and highlights key current issues underlining English language teaching in
Tanzanian secondary schools. Central to the battle on methods is the need for proper
preparation of English language teachers amid claims that their linguistic and
methodological standards have been on the decline over decades. Indeed, the switch
to competence-based curriculum (CBC) in the current English language curriculum in
Tanzanian system of education invariably calls for an assessment of the Second
Language teaching profession in the ‘post-method’ era
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- Allen, P., M. Swain,, B. Harley & J. Cummins. 1990. Aspects of classroom treatment: toward a more
- comprehensive view of Second Language education. In B. Harley,, P. Allen,, J. Cummins & M. Swain
- (eds.). The development of Second Language proficiency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Anthony, E. M. 1963. Approach, method, and technique. English Language Teaching, 17(2), 63–67.
- Bell, D. M. 2003. Method and post-method: are they really so incompatible? TESOL quarterly 37(2):
- –336.
- Brown, H. D. 2007. Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. New York:
- Longman
- Brown, H. D. 2002. English language teaching in the “post-method” era: Toward better Diagnosis,
- treatment, and assessment. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (eds.). Methodology in language
- teaching: An anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Brown, H. D. 2000. Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). San Franscisco: Longman.
- Cook, V. 2008. Second Language learning and language teaching (4th ed.). London: Hodder Education.
- Criper, C. & W. A., Dodd. 1984. Report on the Teaching of English Language and its Use as a Medium of
- Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: The British Council.
- Harmer, J. 2003. Popular culture, methods and context. ELT Journal, 57(3): 288–294.
- Hiep, P.H. 2007. Communicative language teaching: Unity within diversity. ELT journal 61.3: 193–201.
- Littlewood, W. 2011. Communicative language teaching: An expanding concept for a changing
- world. In E. Hinkel, (ed.). Re-evaluation of research in Second Language teaching and learning, Vol.
- NewYork: Routledge.
- Littlewood, W. 1981. Communicative Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Lwaitama, A. F. & J. M. Rugemalira. 1990. The English Language Support Project. In C.M.
- Rubagumya (ed.). Language in Education in Africa: A Tanzanian perspective. Cleverdon:
- Multilingual Matters.
- Malekela, G. A. 2003. English as a medium of instruction in post-primary education in Tanzania: Is
- it a fair policy to the learners? In B. Brock-Utne,, Z. Desai & M. Qorro, Language of instruction in
- Tanzania and South Africa (LOITASA). (102–128), Dar es Salaam: E & DLimited.
- Marton, W. 1988. Methods in English language teaching. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
- Mitchell, Rosamond. 1994. The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching. Teaching
- modern languages, 33–42.
- MoEVT. 2013. Maboresho na Mabadiliko ya Mitaala toka Mwaka 1961 hadi 2010. Dar es Salaam:
- Tanzania Institute of Education.
- MoVET. 2010. English language syllabus for secondary schools, Form I–IV. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
- Institute of Education.
- MoVET. 2009a. English syllabus for advanced secondary education. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Institute
- of Education.
- MoVET. 2009b. English pedagogy syllabus for diploma in secondary education. Dar es Salaam:
- Tanzania Institute of Education.
- MoVET. 2007a. Curriculum for Advanced Secondary Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
- Institute of Education.
- MoVET. 2007b. Curriculum for Diploma in Teacher Education Programmes in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam:
- Tanzania Institute of Education.
- MoVET. 2007c. Curriculum for Ordinary Level Secondary Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam:
- Tanzania Institute of Education.
- MoVET. 2005. English language syllabus for secondary schools, form I–IV. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
- Institute of Education.
- Nunan, D. 1991. Language teaching methodology: A textbook for teachers, New York: Prentice-Hall.
- Pachler, N. & K. Field. 2001. Learning to teach modern languages in secondary school: A companion to
- school experience (2nd edn.). London: Routledge.
- Pennycook, A. 1989. The concept of method, interested knowledge and the politics of language
- teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 23: 589618.
- Prabhu, N. S. 1990. There is no best method-why? TESOL Quarterly, 24, 61–176.
- Richards, J.C. & W.A. Renandya (eds.). 2002. Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of
- current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Richards, J. & T. S. Rodgers. 2008. Approaches and methods in language teaching, 3rd ed. New York:
- Cambridge University Press.
- Richards, J. & T. S. Rodgers. 2002. Approaches and methods in language teaching, 2nd ed. New York:
- Cambridge University Press.
- Rubagumya, C., M. 2003. English medium primary schools in Tanzania: A new ‘linguistic market’ in
- education? In B. Brock-Utne (ibid.). Language of instruction in Tanzania and South Africa
- (LOITASA). (pp. 149-169), Dar es Salaam: E & D Limited.
- Rubagumya, C. M. (ed.). 1990. Language in Education in Africa: A Tanzanian perspective. Cleverdon:
- Multilingual Matters.
- Spada, N. 2007. Communicative language teaching: Current status and future prospects. In Jim
- Cummins & Chris Davison (eds.). International Handbook of English language teaching. (pp. 75–
- , Boston: Springer Science & Business Media.
- Stern, H. H.1983. Fundamental concepts of language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
References
Allen, P., M. Swain,, B. Harley & J. Cummins. 1990. Aspects of classroom treatment: toward a more
comprehensive view of Second Language education. In B. Harley,, P. Allen,, J. Cummins & M. Swain
(eds.). The development of Second Language proficiency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anthony, E. M. 1963. Approach, method, and technique. English Language Teaching, 17(2), 63–67.
Bell, D. M. 2003. Method and post-method: are they really so incompatible? TESOL quarterly 37(2):
–336.
Brown, H. D. 2007. Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. New York:
Longman
Brown, H. D. 2002. English language teaching in the “post-method” era: Toward better Diagnosis,
treatment, and assessment. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (eds.). Methodology in language
teaching: An anthology of current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, H. D. 2000. Principles of language learning and teaching (4th ed.). San Franscisco: Longman.
Cook, V. 2008. Second Language learning and language teaching (4th ed.). London: Hodder Education.
Criper, C. & W. A., Dodd. 1984. Report on the Teaching of English Language and its Use as a Medium of
Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: The British Council.
Harmer, J. 2003. Popular culture, methods and context. ELT Journal, 57(3): 288–294.
Hiep, P.H. 2007. Communicative language teaching: Unity within diversity. ELT journal 61.3: 193–201.
Littlewood, W. 2011. Communicative language teaching: An expanding concept for a changing
world. In E. Hinkel, (ed.). Re-evaluation of research in Second Language teaching and learning, Vol.
NewYork: Routledge.
Littlewood, W. 1981. Communicative Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lwaitama, A. F. & J. M. Rugemalira. 1990. The English Language Support Project. In C.M.
Rubagumya (ed.). Language in Education in Africa: A Tanzanian perspective. Cleverdon:
Multilingual Matters.
Malekela, G. A. 2003. English as a medium of instruction in post-primary education in Tanzania: Is
it a fair policy to the learners? In B. Brock-Utne,, Z. Desai & M. Qorro, Language of instruction in
Tanzania and South Africa (LOITASA). (102–128), Dar es Salaam: E & DLimited.
Marton, W. 1988. Methods in English language teaching. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
Mitchell, Rosamond. 1994. The Communicative Approach to Language Teaching. Teaching
modern languages, 33–42.
MoEVT. 2013. Maboresho na Mabadiliko ya Mitaala toka Mwaka 1961 hadi 2010. Dar es Salaam:
Tanzania Institute of Education.
MoVET. 2010. English language syllabus for secondary schools, Form I–IV. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
Institute of Education.
MoVET. 2009a. English syllabus for advanced secondary education. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Institute
of Education.
MoVET. 2009b. English pedagogy syllabus for diploma in secondary education. Dar es Salaam:
Tanzania Institute of Education.
MoVET. 2007a. Curriculum for Advanced Secondary Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
Institute of Education.
MoVET. 2007b. Curriculum for Diploma in Teacher Education Programmes in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam:
Tanzania Institute of Education.
MoVET. 2007c. Curriculum for Ordinary Level Secondary Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam:
Tanzania Institute of Education.
MoVET. 2005. English language syllabus for secondary schools, form I–IV. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania
Institute of Education.
Nunan, D. 1991. Language teaching methodology: A textbook for teachers, New York: Prentice-Hall.
Pachler, N. & K. Field. 2001. Learning to teach modern languages in secondary school: A companion to
school experience (2nd edn.). London: Routledge.
Pennycook, A. 1989. The concept of method, interested knowledge and the politics of language
teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 23: 589618.
Prabhu, N. S. 1990. There is no best method-why? TESOL Quarterly, 24, 61–176.
Richards, J.C. & W.A. Renandya (eds.). 2002. Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of
current practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. & T. S. Rodgers. 2008. Approaches and methods in language teaching, 3rd ed. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. & T. S. Rodgers. 2002. Approaches and methods in language teaching, 2nd ed. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Rubagumya, C., M. 2003. English medium primary schools in Tanzania: A new ‘linguistic market’ in
education? In B. Brock-Utne (ibid.). Language of instruction in Tanzania and South Africa
(LOITASA). (pp. 149-169), Dar es Salaam: E & D Limited.
Rubagumya, C. M. (ed.). 1990. Language in Education in Africa: A Tanzanian perspective. Cleverdon:
Multilingual Matters.
Spada, N. 2007. Communicative language teaching: Current status and future prospects. In Jim
Cummins & Chris Davison (eds.). International Handbook of English language teaching. (pp. 75–
, Boston: Springer Science & Business Media.
Stern, H. H.1983. Fundamental concepts of language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.