Stakeholders’ Views on the Effects of Students’ Participation In Co-Curricular Activities in Secondary Schools in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Rehema Japhet Mwakabenga
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2013)
Abstract
This paper seeks to explore stakeholders’ views on the effects of students’ participation in
co-curricular activities in secondary schools. It explores the perceptions held by heads of
schools, teachers, students, chairpersons of school boards, school inspectors and parents
towards academic, physical and social development of students as a result of engaging in
co-curricular activities. Stakeholders’ views helped to determine the value attached to the
activities in comparison to the contribution the activities have in students’ total development.
A total of 218 respondents participated in the study on which this paper is based. Basically,
qualitative research data collection methodology was used to capture views of stakeholders
from eight public and private schools in Dodoma municipality in Tanzania. The methodology
was complemented by some elements of quantitative approach. Stakeholders were of the
view that positive effects of students’ participation in co-curricular activities outweighed the
negative effects. Generally, it was revealed that co-curricular activities were effective in
supporting students’ development in different dimensions, and most of the negative effects
were attributed to school managerial weaknesses. Finally, the study recommends on the
best practices for promoting students’ engagement in co-curricular activities to help students
benefit from the activities.
Keywords
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- Addo, P. O. 1998. The views of educators and students on music education in Tanzania
- secondary schools. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Bashir, Z. 2012. The effectiveness of co–curricular activities on academic achievements of
- secondary school students in district Abbottabad Pakstan – A case study. International Institute
- of Science, Technology and Education, 2(2): 53–58.
- Chilumba, J. J. 2007. Pedagogy of teacher education: Dar es Salaam: OUT.
- Choka, G. M. 1987. A study of the administration of co–curricular activities in primary teachers colleges
- in Western Kenya. Accessed on 8th February 2012 from http://www.aau.org/datad/
- database/display.php?record_id=03864
- David, A. 2011. Importance of extra and co curricular activities in schools. Accessed on 20th
- September 2012 from http://www.articlesbase.com/childhood–education–articles/
- importance– of–extra–co–curricular–activities–in–school–5382135.html. Extracurricular
- activities most likely to help children succeed, US–commissioned study shows. 2007, March
- The Guardian, p. 12
- Finn, J. D. 1993. School engagement and students at risk. Washington, DC: National Center for
- Education Statistics.
- Fortune, R. D. 2013. A study on the effects of co–curricular courses on students’ attendance, composite act
- score and student dropout rate. Accessed on 17th June 2013 from http://www.nwmissouri.edu/
- library/researchpapers/2013/Fortune,%20Ronald%20D.pdf
- Habib, Z. 2012. Role of co curricular activities for the performance of students at primary level
- in schools. International Journal of Research in Education, 1(1): 1–9.
- Hoffman, J. P. 2006. Extracurricular activities, athletic participation and adolescent alcohol use:
- Gender-differentiated and school contextual effects. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour,
- (3): 275–290.
- Holland, A., & T. Andre. 1987. Participation in extracurricular activities in secondary Schools:
- What is known, what needs to be known. Review of Educational Research, 57: 437–466.
- Huang, Y.R. & S M. Chang. 2004. Academic and co–curricular involvement: Their relationship and
- the best combinations for student growth. Journal of College Student Development, 45(4): 391–406.
- Hunt, D.H. 2005. The effect of extracurricular activities in the educational process: Influence
- on academic outcomes. Sociological Spectrum, 2: 417–445.
- Jamalis, M. & M. S. O. Fauzee. 2007. Developing human value through extracurricular
- activities. Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3(1): 53–60.
- Kariyana, I., I. Maphosa, & B. Mapuranga. 2012. The influence of learners’ participation in
- school co–curricular activities on academic performance: Assessment of educators’
- perceptions. Journal of Social Science, 33(2): 137–146.
- Kessy, L. P. 2003. Status of campus recreational sports at the University of Dar es Salaam and
- Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es
- Salaam.
- Leung, C., C. W. Raymond, & P. O. E. Chan. 2011. Can co–curricular activities enhance the learning
- effectiveness of students?: An application to the sub–degree students in Hong Kong. International
- Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. Volume 23, Number 3, 329–341
- Mabagala, S. 2002. Psychosocial determinants of young people’s participation in sports and
- physical activities. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Mahoney, J., & R. Cairns. 1997. Do extracurricular activities protect against early school
- dropout? Developmental Psychology, 33, 241–253.
- Marsh, H.W. & S. Kleitman. 2002. Extracurricular school activities: The good, the bad and the
- nonlinear. Harvard Educational Review, 74(4): 464–514
- Massoni, E. 2011. Positive Effects of Extra Curricular Activities on Students. ESSAI: 9: 84–87
- Mbaga, R. 1998. The effect of co–curricular activities on learning writing skills in Uganda. Accessed on
- th January 2010 from http://www.aau.org/datad/database/display.php?record_id=05689
- Mihayo, N. 2004. Students participation in physical education and physical activities in teachers
- colleges in Tanzania. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Paul, P. K. & S. K. Baskey. 2012. Role of co–curricular activities on academic performance of
- students: A case study in some secondary schools of Burdwan District in West Bengal, India.
- International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 1(9): 213–223.
- Salamuddin, N., M. T. Harun & A. D. Abdullah. 2011. Teachers’ Competency in School Extra–
- Curricular Management. World Applied Sciences Journal (Innovation and Pedagogy for Lifelong
- Learning, 15: 49–55.
- Shaidi, J. 2006. Youth development in Tanzania. Accessed on 2nd December 2012 from
- http://www.ilo.org/employment/elp/workshop/youthtan.pdf
- Singapore Ministry of Education. 2008. Co–curricular activities (CCAs. Accessed on 28th
- January, 2013 from http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/cca.
- Sohn, M. 2008. The essence of integrating students’ activities with classroom curriculum. The
- Advocate, 2(2): 1–4.
- Stephens, L., & L. Schaben. 2002. The effect of interscholastic sports participation on academic
- achievement of middle level school students. NASSP Bulletin, 86(630): 34–41.
- Szucs, E. U. 2009. The role of teachers in the 21st century. Accessed on 7th September 2012 from
- http://www.sens–public.org/spip.php?article667&lang=fr.
- Tan, D., & M. Pope. 2007. Participation in co–curricular activities: Non–traditional student
- perspectives. College & University, 83(1): 2–9.
- Tanner, D., & Tanner, L. 2007. Curriculum development theory into practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle
- River: Pearson Education, Inc.
- Taylor, L. & J. Parsons. 2011. Improving student engagement. Current Issues in Education, 14(1):
- –32.
- TIE. 2008. The curriculum for advanced level secondary education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: TIE.
- Torrence, H. R., Nimrod, P., Patrick, F., & Jacob, R. (2002). Benefits of digital signal processing
- extra–curricular activities. Retrieved from http://sipl.technion.ac.il/~nimrod/
- Extracurricular%20DSP%20Activity.pdf.
- Sarakikya, A. 2007. The influence of cost sharing on enrolment and dropout rates among students in
- community secondary schools.: A comparison between Arumeru rural and Arusha urban districts in
- Tanzania. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Schlesser, C. E. 2004. The correlation between extracurricular activities and grade point average of middle
- school students. Accessed on 13th June 2012 from http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/ thesis/2004/
- schlesserc.pdf.
- United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1995. Education and Training Policy. Dar es Salaam:
- MoEC.
- Zill , N.C.W., L . Nord & S. Loomis. 1995. Adolescent time use, risky behavior, and outcomes: An
- analysis of national data. Rockville, Md.: Westa
References
Addo, P. O. 1998. The views of educators and students on music education in Tanzania
secondary schools. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Bashir, Z. 2012. The effectiveness of co–curricular activities on academic achievements of
secondary school students in district Abbottabad Pakstan – A case study. International Institute
of Science, Technology and Education, 2(2): 53–58.
Chilumba, J. J. 2007. Pedagogy of teacher education: Dar es Salaam: OUT.
Choka, G. M. 1987. A study of the administration of co–curricular activities in primary teachers colleges
in Western Kenya. Accessed on 8th February 2012 from http://www.aau.org/datad/
database/display.php?record_id=03864
David, A. 2011. Importance of extra and co curricular activities in schools. Accessed on 20th
September 2012 from http://www.articlesbase.com/childhood–education–articles/
importance– of–extra–co–curricular–activities–in–school–5382135.html. Extracurricular
activities most likely to help children succeed, US–commissioned study shows. 2007, March
The Guardian, p. 12
Finn, J. D. 1993. School engagement and students at risk. Washington, DC: National Center for
Education Statistics.
Fortune, R. D. 2013. A study on the effects of co–curricular courses on students’ attendance, composite act
score and student dropout rate. Accessed on 17th June 2013 from http://www.nwmissouri.edu/
library/researchpapers/2013/Fortune,%20Ronald%20D.pdf
Habib, Z. 2012. Role of co curricular activities for the performance of students at primary level
in schools. International Journal of Research in Education, 1(1): 1–9.
Hoffman, J. P. 2006. Extracurricular activities, athletic participation and adolescent alcohol use:
Gender-differentiated and school contextual effects. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour,
(3): 275–290.
Holland, A., & T. Andre. 1987. Participation in extracurricular activities in secondary Schools:
What is known, what needs to be known. Review of Educational Research, 57: 437–466.
Huang, Y.R. & S M. Chang. 2004. Academic and co–curricular involvement: Their relationship and
the best combinations for student growth. Journal of College Student Development, 45(4): 391–406.
Hunt, D.H. 2005. The effect of extracurricular activities in the educational process: Influence
on academic outcomes. Sociological Spectrum, 2: 417–445.
Jamalis, M. & M. S. O. Fauzee. 2007. Developing human value through extracurricular
activities. Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3(1): 53–60.
Kariyana, I., I. Maphosa, & B. Mapuranga. 2012. The influence of learners’ participation in
school co–curricular activities on academic performance: Assessment of educators’
perceptions. Journal of Social Science, 33(2): 137–146.
Kessy, L. P. 2003. Status of campus recreational sports at the University of Dar es Salaam and
Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es
Salaam.
Leung, C., C. W. Raymond, & P. O. E. Chan. 2011. Can co–curricular activities enhance the learning
effectiveness of students?: An application to the sub–degree students in Hong Kong. International
Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. Volume 23, Number 3, 329–341
Mabagala, S. 2002. Psychosocial determinants of young people’s participation in sports and
physical activities. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Mahoney, J., & R. Cairns. 1997. Do extracurricular activities protect against early school
dropout? Developmental Psychology, 33, 241–253.
Marsh, H.W. & S. Kleitman. 2002. Extracurricular school activities: The good, the bad and the
nonlinear. Harvard Educational Review, 74(4): 464–514
Massoni, E. 2011. Positive Effects of Extra Curricular Activities on Students. ESSAI: 9: 84–87
Mbaga, R. 1998. The effect of co–curricular activities on learning writing skills in Uganda. Accessed on
th January 2010 from http://www.aau.org/datad/database/display.php?record_id=05689
Mihayo, N. 2004. Students participation in physical education and physical activities in teachers
colleges in Tanzania. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Paul, P. K. & S. K. Baskey. 2012. Role of co–curricular activities on academic performance of
students: A case study in some secondary schools of Burdwan District in West Bengal, India.
International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 1(9): 213–223.
Salamuddin, N., M. T. Harun & A. D. Abdullah. 2011. Teachers’ Competency in School Extra–
Curricular Management. World Applied Sciences Journal (Innovation and Pedagogy for Lifelong
Learning, 15: 49–55.
Shaidi, J. 2006. Youth development in Tanzania. Accessed on 2nd December 2012 from
http://www.ilo.org/employment/elp/workshop/youthtan.pdf
Singapore Ministry of Education. 2008. Co–curricular activities (CCAs. Accessed on 28th
January, 2013 from http://www.moe.gov.sg/education/secondary/cca.
Sohn, M. 2008. The essence of integrating students’ activities with classroom curriculum. The
Advocate, 2(2): 1–4.
Stephens, L., & L. Schaben. 2002. The effect of interscholastic sports participation on academic
achievement of middle level school students. NASSP Bulletin, 86(630): 34–41.
Szucs, E. U. 2009. The role of teachers in the 21st century. Accessed on 7th September 2012 from
http://www.sens–public.org/spip.php?article667&lang=fr.
Tan, D., & M. Pope. 2007. Participation in co–curricular activities: Non–traditional student
perspectives. College & University, 83(1): 2–9.
Tanner, D., & Tanner, L. 2007. Curriculum development theory into practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle
River: Pearson Education, Inc.
Taylor, L. & J. Parsons. 2011. Improving student engagement. Current Issues in Education, 14(1):
–32.
TIE. 2008. The curriculum for advanced level secondary education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: TIE.
Torrence, H. R., Nimrod, P., Patrick, F., & Jacob, R. (2002). Benefits of digital signal processing
extra–curricular activities. Retrieved from http://sipl.technion.ac.il/~nimrod/
Extracurricular%20DSP%20Activity.pdf.
Sarakikya, A. 2007. The influence of cost sharing on enrolment and dropout rates among students in
community secondary schools.: A comparison between Arumeru rural and Arusha urban districts in
Tanzania. MA (Ed.) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Schlesser, C. E. 2004. The correlation between extracurricular activities and grade point average of middle
school students. Accessed on 13th June 2012 from http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/ thesis/2004/
schlesserc.pdf.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1995. Education and Training Policy. Dar es Salaam:
MoEC.
Zill , N.C.W., L . Nord & S. Loomis. 1995. Adolescent time use, risky behavior, and outcomes: An
analysis of national data. Rockville, Md.: Westa