Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization in Tanzanian Secondary Schools: Prevalence and Predictors
Corresponding Author(s) : hezron onditi
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2019)
Abstract
This study explored cyberbullying and cybervictimization, and the role of sociodemographic and access to technology variables for Tanzanian adolescents. A self-report
questionnaire was completed by secondary school students aged 14 to 18 (Form 1 to Form
IV). Results provide evidence that online violence is increasingly becoming a problem of
concern for Tanzanian adolescents. In particular, whereas 42% of the students reported to
have cyberbullied others using electronic communication devices, 58% admitted having
experienced cybervictimization. Also, results showed that students who spend more time
online, share cellphones with others, and who access digital devices in a private location
are more likely to experience cybervictimization. We also found out that students who
use digital devices in a private location, and who spend more time online (for older and
male adolescents) were more likely to cyberbully others online. The findings provide a
further evidence that cyberbullying is a problem of concern for all children and adolescents
across cultures. The paper concludes by providing implications and suggestions for
intervention programs, and for future studies.
Keywords
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- Almeida, A., I. Correia, S. Marinho & D. Garcia. 2012. Virtual but Less Real: A Study of Cyberbullying
- and Its Relations to Moral Disengagement and Empathy. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. K. Smith (eds.).
- Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 223–244). West
- Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Bauman, S. 2012. Cyberbullying in the United States. In Q. Li., D. Cross. & P. K. Smith (eds.).
- Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp.143–179). West
- Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Beran, T. & Q. Li. 2007. The Relationship Between Cyberbullying and School Bullying. The Journal of
- Student Wellbeing, 1: 15–33.
- Bonanno, R. A. & S. Hymel. 2013. Cyberbullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond
- Traditional Forms of Bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42: 685–697.
- Corcoran, L., C. M. Guckin & G. Prentice. 2015. Cyberbullying or Cyber Aggression? a Review of
- Existing Definitions of Cyber-Based Peer-to-Peer Aggression. Societies, 5: 245–255.
- Cross, D., Q. Li, P. K. Smith & H. Monks. 2012. Understanding and Preventing Cyberbullying. Where
- Have We Been and Where Should We Be Going? in Li. Q., D. Cross. & P. Smith (eds.),
- Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 287–305). West
- Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Dehue, F., S. Bolman & T. Völlink. 2008. Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental
- Perception. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11(2): 217–223.
- Dooley, J. J., J. Py?alski & D. Cross. 2009. Cyberbullying Versus Face-to-Face Bullying. Zeitschrift Für
- Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217(4): 182–188.
- Ephraim, P. E. 2013. African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-Centered
- Approach to Using Social Media. Ethics and Information Technology, 15, 275–284.
- Field, A. 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
- Genta, M. L., P. K. Smith, R. Ortega, A. Brighi, A. Guarini, F. Thompson, .. & J. Calmaestra. 2012.
- Comparative Aspects of Cyberbullying in Italy, England, and Spain: Findings from a DAPHNE
- Project. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. Smith (ed.). Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from
- International Perspectives, (pp.15–31). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Gradinger, P., D. Strohmeier & C. Spiel. 2012. Motives for Bullying Others in Cyberspace: A Study
- on Bullies, and Bully-Victims in Austria. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. K. Smith (eds.), Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 263–284). West Sussex: John
- Wiley & Sons.
- Hinduja, S & J. W. Patchin. 2010. Bullying, Cyberbullying and Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research,
- : 206–221.
- —. 2012. School Climate. California: Corwin.
- —. 2013. Social Influences on Cyberbullying Behaviors Among Middle and High School Students.
- Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5): 711–722.
- —. 2008. Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization.
- Deviant Behavior, 29(2): 129–156.
- Holfeld, B & M. Grabe. 2012. An Examination of the History, Prevalence, Characteristics, and
- Reporting of Cyberbullying in the United States. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. K. Smith (eds.),
- Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 117– 142). West
- Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
- Juvoven, J & E. F. Gross. 2008. Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace. The Journal of School Health, 78:
- –505.
- Kafyulilo, A. C. 2012. Access, Use and Perceptions of Teachers and Students Towards Mobile Phones
- as a Tool for Teaching and Learning in Tanzania. Education Information and Technology. 19; 115–27.
- Katzer, C., D. Fetchenhauer & F. Belschak. 2009. Cyberbullying: Who Are the Victims? a Comparison
- of Victimization in Internet Chatrooms and Victimization in School. Journal of Media Psychology,
- (1): 25–36.
- Kowalski, R, M., G, W. Giumetti, A. N. Schroeder & M. R. Lattanner. 2014. Bullying in the Digital
- Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth. Psychological
- Bulletin, 140(4): 1073–1137.
- Kowalski, R. M & S. P. Limber. 2013. Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of
- Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1): S13–S20.
- —. 2007. Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41: 22–30.
- Kraft, E. 2006. Cyberbullying: A Worldwide Trend of Misusing Technology to Harass Others. WIT
- Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, 36: 155–166.
- Law, D. M., J. D. Shapka & B. F. Olson. 2010. to Control or Not to Control? Parenting Behaviours
- and Adolescent Online Aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6): 1651–1656.
- Lenhart, A. 2012. Teens, Smartphones & Texting. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life
- Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/reports/2012/teens-and-smartphones.aspx.
- Li, Q. 2006. Cyberbullying in Schools: A Research of Gender Differences. School Psychology
- International, 27(2): 157–170.
- Livingstone, S & P. K. Smith. 2014. Annual Research Review: Harms Experienced by Child Users of
- Online and Mobile Technologies: The Nature, Prevalence and Management of Sexual and
- Aggressive Risks in the Digital Age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6): 635–654.
- Mishna, F., M. Khoury-Kassabri, T. Gadalla & J. Daciuk. 2012. Risk Factors for Involvement in Cyber
- Bullying: Victims, Bullies and Bully-Victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1): 63–70.
References
Almeida, A., I. Correia, S. Marinho & D. Garcia. 2012. Virtual but Less Real: A Study of Cyberbullying
and Its Relations to Moral Disengagement and Empathy. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. K. Smith (eds.).
Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 223–244). West
Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Bauman, S. 2012. Cyberbullying in the United States. In Q. Li., D. Cross. & P. K. Smith (eds.).
Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp.143–179). West
Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Beran, T. & Q. Li. 2007. The Relationship Between Cyberbullying and School Bullying. The Journal of
Student Wellbeing, 1: 15–33.
Bonanno, R. A. & S. Hymel. 2013. Cyberbullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond
Traditional Forms of Bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42: 685–697.
Corcoran, L., C. M. Guckin & G. Prentice. 2015. Cyberbullying or Cyber Aggression? a Review of
Existing Definitions of Cyber-Based Peer-to-Peer Aggression. Societies, 5: 245–255.
Cross, D., Q. Li, P. K. Smith & H. Monks. 2012. Understanding and Preventing Cyberbullying. Where
Have We Been and Where Should We Be Going? in Li. Q., D. Cross. & P. Smith (eds.),
Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 287–305). West
Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Dehue, F., S. Bolman & T. Völlink. 2008. Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ Experiences and Parental
Perception. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11(2): 217–223.
Dooley, J. J., J. Py?alski & D. Cross. 2009. Cyberbullying Versus Face-to-Face Bullying. Zeitschrift Für
Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217(4): 182–188.
Ephraim, P. E. 2013. African Youths and the Dangers of Social Networking: A Culture-Centered
Approach to Using Social Media. Ethics and Information Technology, 15, 275–284.
Field, A. 2009. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Genta, M. L., P. K. Smith, R. Ortega, A. Brighi, A. Guarini, F. Thompson, .. & J. Calmaestra. 2012.
Comparative Aspects of Cyberbullying in Italy, England, and Spain: Findings from a DAPHNE
Project. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. Smith (ed.). Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from
International Perspectives, (pp.15–31). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Gradinger, P., D. Strohmeier & C. Spiel. 2012. Motives for Bullying Others in Cyberspace: A Study
on Bullies, and Bully-Victims in Austria. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. K. Smith (eds.), Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 263–284). West Sussex: John
Wiley & Sons.
Hinduja, S & J. W. Patchin. 2010. Bullying, Cyberbullying and Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research,
: 206–221.
—. 2012. School Climate. California: Corwin.
—. 2013. Social Influences on Cyberbullying Behaviors Among Middle and High School Students.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5): 711–722.
—. 2008. Cyberbullying: An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Related to Offending and Victimization.
Deviant Behavior, 29(2): 129–156.
Holfeld, B & M. Grabe. 2012. An Examination of the History, Prevalence, Characteristics, and
Reporting of Cyberbullying in the United States. In Q. Li., D. Cross & P. K. Smith (eds.),
Cyberbullying in the Global Playground: Research from International Perspectives, (pp. 117– 142). West
Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Juvoven, J & E. F. Gross. 2008. Bullying Experiences in Cyberspace. The Journal of School Health, 78:
–505.
Kafyulilo, A. C. 2012. Access, Use and Perceptions of Teachers and Students Towards Mobile Phones
as a Tool for Teaching and Learning in Tanzania. Education Information and Technology. 19; 115–27.
Katzer, C., D. Fetchenhauer & F. Belschak. 2009. Cyberbullying: Who Are the Victims? a Comparison
of Victimization in Internet Chatrooms and Victimization in School. Journal of Media Psychology,
(1): 25–36.
Kowalski, R, M., G, W. Giumetti, A. N. Schroeder & M. R. Lattanner. 2014. Bullying in the Digital
Age: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Cyberbullying Research Among Youth. Psychological
Bulletin, 140(4): 1073–1137.
Kowalski, R. M & S. P. Limber. 2013. Psychological, Physical, and Academic Correlates of
Cyberbullying and Traditional Bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1): S13–S20.
—. 2007. Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41: 22–30.
Kraft, E. 2006. Cyberbullying: A Worldwide Trend of Misusing Technology to Harass Others. WIT
Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies, 36: 155–166.
Law, D. M., J. D. Shapka & B. F. Olson. 2010. to Control or Not to Control? Parenting Behaviours
and Adolescent Online Aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6): 1651–1656.
Lenhart, A. 2012. Teens, Smartphones & Texting. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life
Project. Retrieved from http://pewinternet.org/reports/2012/teens-and-smartphones.aspx.
Li, Q. 2006. Cyberbullying in Schools: A Research of Gender Differences. School Psychology
International, 27(2): 157–170.
Livingstone, S & P. K. Smith. 2014. Annual Research Review: Harms Experienced by Child Users of
Online and Mobile Technologies: The Nature, Prevalence and Management of Sexual and
Aggressive Risks in the Digital Age. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(6): 635–654.
Mishna, F., M. Khoury-Kassabri, T. Gadalla & J. Daciuk. 2012. Risk Factors for Involvement in Cyber
Bullying: Victims, Bullies and Bully-Victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1): 63–70.