The Participation of Female Teachers in Educational Leadership in Secondary Schools in Ubungo Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Sarah Samson Mbogela
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
##issue.vol## 10 ##issue.no## 3 (2021): Special Issue Gender II
##article.abstract##
This study investigates female teachers’ participation in educational leadership in
secondary schools in Ubungo Municipality, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The objectives of the
study are threefold: (i) to explore the participation of female teachers in secondary
schools’ leadership; (ii) to investigate the challenges facing the participation of female
teachers in secondary schools’ leadership; and (iii) to establish strategies for enhancing
the participation of female teachers in the leadership of secondary schools. The study
employs a qualitative research approach using a single case study design. Data collection
methods were interviews, focus group discussions and documentary review. The collected
data were analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that the participation of
female teachers in leadership positions in secondary schools is low (34%) compared to that
of their male counterparts despite female teachers outnumbering male teachers in staff
establishments. Factors behind this low participation included: socialization and gender
stereotype; lack of confidence; gender roles; lack of training, seminars and workshops on
specific leadership positions; and inadequate role models and mentors. As such, strategies
for enhancing female teachers’ participation in educational leadership include
sensitization and gender awareness, gaining academic credentials, the presence of role
models and mentors, and affirmative action initiatives. Since the participation of female
teachers in educational leadership positions is essential to ensure gendered development
in school organization, the study recommended that equality measures be in place to
increase the number of females in leadership positions; and that there is a need to address
challenges that pull back the participation of females in leadership.
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- Journal of Education and Practice, 7(19): 63–69.
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- –44.
- Suter, E. 2017. Social Cultural Factors Influencing Appointment of Head Teachers in Primary Schools
- in Eldoret East Sub-Country Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 2(7): 23–39.
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- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2018. Global Education
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- London, England: UNESCO.
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- in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. An M.A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Education
- of the Nairobi University. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.
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- The World Bank.
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- —. 2017. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6thed.). London, England: SAGE
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##journal.references##
Airin, R. 2010. Influencing Factors of Female Underrepresentation as School Principals in
Indonesia. Online Submission. https://files.eric.ed.gov>fulltext. Retrieved on April 25. 2019.
Alase, A. 2017. The Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): A Guide to a Good Qualitative
Research Approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2): 9–19.
Bandiho, H. 2009. Status of Educational Leadership and Female Participation: The Case of Tanzania.
in H. C. Sobehart (Ed.): Women Leading Education Across the Continent. Sharing the Spirit, Fanning
the Flame (pp. 43–48). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Education.
Bhalalusesa, E. P. 2003. Beyond Access: An Analysis of Girls' and Women's Participation and
Performance in Education in Tanzania. Papers in Education and Development, 2(23): 69–85.
Brisolara, S., D. Seigart & S. Sengupta. 2014. Feminist Research: Theory and Practice. London, England:
The Guilford Press.
Dagnew, A., A. Yirdaw & S. Asrat. 2020. Challenges that contribute to low participation of women
in educational leadership at government primary schools, Ethiopia: Women Educational
Leadership participation. Contemporary Educational Researches Journal, 10(3), 109–122.
Disch, L. & Hawkesworth, M. 2018. The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press.
Education Business. 2018 April, 4. Lack of Female Head Teachers in Secondary State Schools
Statistics Show. Business Information for in Primary and Secondary Education Retrieved from
http://www. education business.uk.net. retrieved on January 13. 2019.
EFA. 2015. National Review Report: United Republic of Tanzania- Mainland.
Eggins, H. 2017. The Changing Role of Women in Higher Education: Academic and Leadership Issues.
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Eliadis, A. 2018. Women and Leadership in Higher Education. Retrieved on 21st March. 2020 from
https://www/researchgate.net/publication/32814998.
Fuller, K. 2017. Women Secondary Head Teachers in England: Where Are They Now? Management
in Education, 6(3): 1–5.
Gobena, L. 2014. Major Factors that Affect Female Teachers’ Participation in School Leadership: The
Case of Public Primary Schools in Jimma Town. Master Degree of Arts in Educational Leadership
Thesis of the Jimma University. Jimma: University of Jimma.
Howard, J. 2018. 5 Ways Gender Equality Benefits Everyone. Retrieved September 21. 2018: from
Canadian Women Organization website: https://www.canadianwomen.org./blog/5–waysgender-equality-benefits-everyone/.
Howozki, M. 2015. The Full List of 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals with Pictures. Retrieved
on 13 December 2018: from http://blog.movingworlds.org/the-full- list- of-the-17–unitednations-sustainable-development-goals-with-pictures-sdgs/.
Kabeer, N. 2015. Gender Equality, the MDGs and the SDGs: Achievements, Lessons and Concerns,
International Growth Center. http://www.theigc.org/blog/gender- equality-the-mdgs-and-thesdgs-achievements-lessons-and-concerns. Retrieved on December 01. 2019.
Kanukisya, B. 2018. Ethical Challenges in Conducting Comparative Adult Education Research: Personal
Reflections from Multi-Site Research. Retrieved December 21. 2018: from http://www.uncst.go.ug.
Kobayashi, Y. 2004. A Path Toward Gender Equality: State Feminism in Japan. New York, NY: Routledge.
Leavy, P. 2014. The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Leicht, A., J. Heiss & W. J. Byun. 2018. Issues and Trends in Education for Sustainable Development.
Paris, France: UNESCO.
Leithwood, K. & D. Jantzi. 2005. A Review of Transformational School Leadership Research 1996–
Leadership and Policy in Schools, 4(3): 177–199.
Lyimo, N.S., J. K. Too & K. J. Kipng’etich. 2017. Assessment of Teaching Staff Adequacy in Tanzanian
Community Secondary Schools: A Case of Arusha District. Journal of Educational Policy Research
and Review, 4(5): 81–89.
Mbepera, J. 2015. An Exploration of the Influences of Female Underrepresentation in Senior Leadership
Positions in Community Secondary Schools in Rural Tanzania. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis Submitted
to UCL Institute of Education, University of Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
Mccann, C. R. & S. Kim. 2013. The Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives 2013. New
York, NY: Taylor and Francis Routledge.
Moorosi, P. 2007. Creating Linkages Between Private and Public: Challenges Facing Women
Principals in South Africa. South Africa Journal of Education 27(3): 507– 521.
Mukangara, F. & I. F. Shao. 2008. Gender, Governance and Natural Resources in the Rural Setting: Some
Case Studies from Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Gender Centre UDSM.
Mukolwe, O.J., O. Michael & O. A. Jack. 2018. Strategies for Enhance Participation of Female
Teachers in Management of Public Primary Schools. European Journal of Education Studies, 4(2):
–102. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1169555.
Mulwa, L. 2005. Determinants of Women Participation in Leadership of Public Secondary Schools:
A Case of Kitui District, Kenya. Master of Education in Educational Administration and Planning
Dissertation of the Nairobi University. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.
Murakami, E.T. & M. Tornsen. 2017. Female Secondary School Principals: Equity in the Development
of Professional Identities. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 45(5): 806–834.
doi: 10.1177/1741143217717273.
Mythili, N. 2017. Representation of Women in School Leadership Positions in India. NUEPA
Occasional Paper, 5(6): 1–46.
Nieuwenhuis, J. F. 2018. Martin Qualitative Research: Not Stirred. Research Education, 6(3): 417–422.
Njogu, K. 2007. Government and Development: Towards Quality Leadership in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya:
Tunaweza Communications Limited.
Noble, C. 2014. The Paradox for Advancing Women in Paid Work and Public Life in Women Work and
Family. California, England: Praeger.
Nyoni, W.P., C. He & M. L. Yusuph. 2017. Sustainable Interventionism Enhancing Gender Parity in
Senior Leadership Positions in Higher Education in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice,
(13): 1–8.
Omboko, F. & S.O. Oyoo. 2011. Being a Female Head Teacher: The Tanzanian Experiences.
International Journal of Learning, 17(12): 337–350.
Sanchez, J. E. & B. Thornton. 2010. Gender Issues in K-12 Educational Leadership. Advancing Women
in Leadership Journal, 30(13): 1–15. Retrieved on 26th June 2019 from http://advancingwomen.
com/awl/awl_wordpress/.
Segkulu, L. & K. Gyumah. 2016. Women in Educational Leadership Within the Tamale Metropolis.
Journal of Education and Practice, 7(19): 63–69.
Shah, S. & Shah, U. 2012. Women, Educational Leadership and Societal Culture. Education Basel, 2(3):
–44.
Suter, E. 2017. Social Cultural Factors Influencing Appointment of Head Teachers in Primary Schools
in Eldoret East Sub-Country Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 2(7): 23–39.
United Nations. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved on 13th December. 2018 from
htpp://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/documenta/udhr_translation/eng.pdf.
—. 2016. Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone. New York, NY: United
Nations Developments Programme (UNDP).
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2018. Global Education
Monitoring Report Gender Review 2018: Meeting Our Commitments to Gender Equality in Education.
London, England: UNESCO.
Wanjiru, M. J. 2011. Determinant of Gender Imbalance in Education Administration Among Teachers
in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. An M.A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Education
of the Nairobi University. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.
World Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2012 Gender Equality and Development. Washington, D.C:
The World Bank.
Yin, R. K. 2011. Qualitative Research from Start to Finish. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
—. 2017. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6thed.). London, England: SAGE
Publication Inc.
Zulu, S.M. 2016. Ways of Successful Managing Schools: A Story of a Woman Principal. Unpublished
Master Thesis. University of Pretoria.