Academic Coping Mechanisms among Learners With Hearing Impairment in Inclusive Public Secondary Schools in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Vincent J. Cosmas
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
##issue.vol## 10 ##issue.no## 1 (2021)
##article.abstract##
This study sought to explore academic coping mechanisms against educational challenges
among learners with hearing impairment (HI) in inclusive public secondary schools in
Tanzania. Specifically, it was guided by two research questions: (i) What coping mechanisms
are employed by learners with HI in inclusive public secondary schools to cope with academic
challenges? (ii) How often do learners with HI seek academic help within the school
environment? The study was informed by the critical theory (CT) to facilitate the
understanding of educational barriers and coping mechanisms. Being a qualitative study, it
drew on purposive and convenient sampling strategies to obtain 108 respondents, including
70 learners with HI, 27 classroom teachers, 3 heads of schools, 3 academic mistress/masters,
3 school counsellors, and 2 heads of special needs education units. The findings indicate that
the key academic coping strategies and help-seeking behaviour were: seeking help from
fellow learners without HI and teachers, private study, seeking counselling and guidance
from school counsellors, and sitting in front of the class during teaching and learning
sessions. The study concludesthat learners with HI in the sampled inclusive public secondary
schools were able to employ coping strategies that resulted mainly in emotional and
academic comfort. Thus, it recommends the improvement of inclusive educational practices
to create barrier-free teaching and learning environment in inclusive secondary schools.
Furthermore, planning and implementation of IE for learners with HI should be reviewed to
accommodate envisaged achievement in education as stipulated in the national Inclusive
Education 2019-2021 Strategy, and other similar documents, to make it a success.
##submission.howToCite.downloadCitation##
##plugins.generic.citationStyleLanguage.download.ris####plugins.generic.citationStyleLanguage.download.bibtex##
- Agyire-Tettey, E. E. M., M. Cobbina & E. S. Hemanoo. 2017. Academic Challenges of Students With
- HI (SHIs) in Ghana. Disability CBR & Inclusive Development, 29(3): 127–150.
- Ajzen, I. & M. Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood
- Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Akbari, B., Z. Teymori, S. Abolghasemi & H. Khorshidiyan. 2013. Stress Coping Strategies in Hearing
- Impaired Students. Auditory and Vestibular Research, 22(1). Retrieved from http://avr. tums. ac.ir/
- index.php/avr/article/view/331.
- Ary, D., L. C. Jacobs & A. Razavieh. 1996. Introduction to Research in Education (5thed.). New York:
- Harcourt Brace College Publisher.
- Blaxter, L., C. Hughes & M. Tight. 2006. How to Research (3rd Ed). New York: Open University Press.
- Bogdan, R. C. & S. K. Biklen. 2007. Qualitative Research for Education:. An Introduction to Theory and
- Methods (5th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education Inc.
- Borg, W. R. & M. D. Gall. 2005. Educational Research:. An Introduction (5th Ed. London: Longman.
- Braun, V. & V. Clarke. 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology,
- (2): 77–101.
- Bronner, S. E. 2002. Points of Departure: Sketches of Critical Theory with Public Aim. In of Critical
- Theory and Its Theorists, Pp 231–258. Retrieved from: http://www.uta.edu/ huma/illuminations/
- bron4a.htm.
- Cohen, L., L. Manion & K. Morrison. 2003. Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge Falmer.
- Cosmas, V. J. 2016. Educational Challenges and Coping Strategies among Learners with Hearing Disability in
- Tanzania Inclusive Public Secondary Schools. PHI Thesis, Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
- Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods (3rd Ed.). London: SAGE.
- Creswell, J. W., W. E. Hanson, V. L. P. Clark & A. Morale. 2007. Qualitative Research Designs:
- Selection and Implementation. Counselling Psychologist, 35(2): 236–264.
- Denscombe, M. 2007. The Good Research Guide for Small-Scale Social Research Project (3rd Ed.). New
- York: Open University Press.
- Developmental Disorders Series. 2008. Hearing Impairment. Retrieved from www.dhcas. gov.hk/
- english/public_edu/files/series1hearingImpairment_Eng. df.
- Dey, I. 1993. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Science. London: Routledge.
- Dombeck, M. & J. Wells-Moran. 2006. Coping Strategies and Defense Mechanisms: Basic and Intermediate
- Defenses. Retrieved from http://www.mentalhelp.net/ poc/view_ doc.php?type=doc&id=9791.
- Duijvestijn, J., L. Anteunis, C. Hoek, R. Van Den Brink, M. Chenault & J. Manni. 2003. Help-Seeking
- Behaviour of Hearing Impaired Persons Aged > or 55 Years; Effect of Complaints, Significant
- Others and Hearing Aid Image. Acta Oto-Laryngological, 123: 846–850.
- Eksi, H. 2010. Personality and Coping among Turkish College Learners: a Canonical Correlation
- Analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(4): 2159–2176.
- Eleweke, C. J. 2002. A Review of Issues in Deaf Education under Nigeria’s 6-3-3-4 Education System.
- Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7(1): 74–82.
- Esia-Donkoh, K., D. Yelkpieri & K. Esia-Donkoh. 2011. Coping With Stress: Strategies Adopted By
- learners at the Winneba Campus of University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. US-China Education
- Review, B (2): 290–299.
- Galabawa, C. J. C. 2005. Returns to Investments in Education: Startling Revelations and Alternatives Before
- Tanzanians. Dar es Salaam: KAD Associates and Publishing Consultants.
- Golafshani, N. 2003. Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative
- Report, 8(4): 597–607.
- Government of the Republic of Rwanda. 2005. Proposal for a National Plan for Special Needs Education
- and Related Services in Rwanda. Kigali. Retrieved from http://payson.tulane.edu/ gsdl2.73//
- collect/mohnonve/index/assoc/HASH2410.dir/doc.pdf,.
- Gudyanga, E., N. Wadesango, H. Eliphanos & A. Gudyanga. 2014. Challenges Faced By Students with
- HI in Bulawayo Urban Regular Schools. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9): 445–451.
- Haualand, H. & C. Allen. 2009. Deaf People and Human Rights. Helsinki, World Federation of the Deaf
- and Swedish National Association of the Deaf.
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- Pearson.
- Hoepfl, M. C. 1997. Choosing Qualitative Research: a Primer for Technology Education Research.
- Journal of Technology Education, 9(1): 47–63. Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ ejournals/
- jte/v9n1/pdf/hoepfl.pdf.
- Hsieh, H. & E. Shannon, S 2005. Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health
- Research, 15(9): 1277–1288.
- Jambor, E. & M. Elliott. 2005. Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies among Deaf Learners. Accessed
- from Http://Jdsde.Oxfordjournals.Org.
- Kayombo, B. 2010. Teachers’ Competency in Handling Pupils with Disabilities in Inclusive Primary Schools
- in Tanzania. Unpublished MA (ASP) Dissertation. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
- Kellner, D. 1990. Critical Theory and the Crisis of Social Theory. Sociological Perspectives, 33(1): 11–33.
- Kiomoka, D. J. 2014. Children with Visual Impairments in Tanzania: An Investigation of the Challenges
- Which Children with Visual Impairment Face in Learning and Participation in Inclusive Primary Schools.
- Unpublished Master in Adapted Education Thesis. Oslo: Hedmark University College.
- Kisanga, S. E. 2019. Copping With Educational Barriers in Tanzania Inclusive Education Settings:
- Evidence from Students with Sensory Impairment. In Chitiyo et al., (Eds. Proceedings of the 16th
- Biennal Conference of the International Association of Special Education-Magamba, Tanzania,
- July 14–17. 2019. The International Association of Special Education. 19–21.
- Krohn-Nydal, A. 2008. The Development of Inclusive Education in the Tanzanian Primary School.
- Unpublished Mphil Degree in Comparative and International Education. Oslo: Universitete Oslo.
- Kyaruzi, E. 2009. School Level Factors Influencing the Teaching and Learning of Pupils with HI in Primary
- Schools: The Case of Dar es Salaam Region. MA (ASP) Dissertation. UDSM: Dar es Salaam.
- Lazarus, R. S. 1993. From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks.
- Annual Reviews, 44, 1–21.
- Lincoln, Y. S. & E. Guba. 1985, Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
- Luvanga, H. B., S. W. Mwangi & R. J. Maneno. 2020. Challenges in the Methods and Practices of
- Teaching Pupils with Hearing Impairments in Mombasa County, Kenya. International Journal of
- Scientific and Research Publications, 10(4): 832–835.
- Maina, E. N., P. O. Adoyo & F. C. Indoshi. 2011. Curriculum Factors Influencing Performance of Deaf
- Students in Mathematics. Educational Research, 2(3): 956–964.
- Mamba, A. T. & R. Mafumbate. 2019. Challenges Faced By Learners with Partial Hearing Impairment
- in Lubombo Mainstream High Schools: A Wellness Perspective. Journal of Education and Practice,
- (27): 30–38.
- Maxwell, J. A. 2010. Using Numbers in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6): 475–482.
- Mnyanyi, C. B. F. 2010. Participation in Teaching and Learning Activities in Primary School
- Classrooms Accommodating Pupils with Disabilities: Teachers and Pupils Perspectives. HURIA,
- VIII, 106–124.
- MoE. 2012. National Education Strategic Plan: 2011–2020. Retrieved from www.mona. uwi.edu/
- cop/sites/default/files/Jamaica_NESP_2011-2020.pdf.
- MoEST. 2019. National Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania 2019 National Data. Dodoma: Ministry
- of Education, Science and Technology.
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST). 2017. National Strategy for Inclusive
- Education – 2018–2021. MoEST: Dodoma.
- Mpofu, J. & S. Chimhenga. 2013. Challenges Faced By Hearing Impaired Pupils in Learning: a Case
- of King George VI Memorial School. IOSR Journal of Research Methods in Education, 2(1): 69–74.
- Mumthas, N. S. & E. Shamina. 2011. Are the Prospective Teachers at Secondary Level Aware About Inclusive
- Education? Paper Submitted for National Seminar on Quality Concerns in Education at the University
- of Calicut (2011–November–11. Retrieved from: files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/ ED529566.pff.
- Noble, H. 2010. Improving the Experience of Deaf Students in Higher Education. British Journal of
- Nursing. 19(13): 851–854.
- Okuni, A. 2004. Basic Education and Poverty Reduction: Policy Implications of Poor People’s Perceptions
- and Meanings of Education in Uganda. Papers in Education and Development, 24: 126–148.
- Passer, M. W. & R. E. Smith. 2004. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (2nd Ed.), New York:
- Mcgraw-Hill.
- Patton, M. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
- Payakachat, N., P.O. Gubbins, D. Ragland, S.E. Norman, S. K. Flowers, C. D. Stowe, & J. K. Hastings.
- Academic Help Seeking Behaviour among Student Pharmacists. Journal of Pharmaceutical
- Education, 77(1): 1–11.
- Petty, N. J., O. P. Thomson & G. Stew. 2012. Ready for a Paradigm Shift? Part 1: Introducing the
- Philosophy of Qualitative Research. Manual Therapy, 17, 267–274.
- Polat, F. 2010. Tackling Barriers to Education Caused by Attitudes towards Inclusion in Tanzania.
- Education Insights, 81, 4.
- Pothier, D. & R. Devlin (Eds.). 2006. Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy
- and Law. Law and Society Series, 1–36: UBC Press. Toronto. Retrieved from www.ubcpress.ca/
- books/pdf/chapters/pothier.pdf.
- Powell, D., M. Hyde & R. Punch. 2013. Inclusion in Postsecondary Institutions with Small Numbers
- of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Learners: Highlights and Challenges. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf
- Education. 19(1): 126–140.
- President’s Office-Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG). 2020. Pre-Primary,
- Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2020 Regional Data. PO-RALG:
- Dodoma.
- Sandelowski, M. 1993. Rigor or Rigor Mortis: The Problem of Rigor in Qualitative Research
- Revisited. Advanced Nursing Science, 16(2): 1–8.
- Sandelowski, M., C. I. Voils & G. Knafl. 2009. On Quantitizing. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3):
- –222.
- Saunders, G. H., T. H. Chisolm & M. I. Wallhagen. 2012. Older Adults and Hearing Help-Seeking
- Behaviours. American Journal of Audiology, 21: 331–337.
- Singal, N. 2010. From Enrolment to Participation: Education for Children with Disabilities in India.
- Education Insights, 81, 5.
- TEN/MET. 2007. Strengthening Education in Tanzania: COS Contribution to the Education Sector Review
- Dar es Salaam: TEN/MET.
- Tungaraza, F. D. & M. W. Mboya. 2008. Orientation Mobility Training and Transition Issues for Students
- with Disability in Tanzanian Institutions of Higher Learning: a Needs Assessment Report. Unpublished
- Paper, University of Dar es Salaam.
- United Nations. 2020. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. Retrieved from https://
- unstats.un.org/ sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf.
- —. 1989. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York: UN.
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). 2016. Education 2030:
- Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action towards Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and
- Lifelong Learning for All. UNESCO. Retrieved from www. mona.uwi.edu/cop/sites/default/ files/
- UNESCO education2030_1.pdf.
- —. 1994. The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris:
- UNESCO.
- —. 1990. The World Declaration on Education for All and Framework for Action to Meet Basic Learning
- Needs, 5th
- –9
- th March, Jomtien. Paris: UNESCO.
- United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). 2017. Inclusive Education:
- Understanding Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
- https://www.unicef.org/eca/sites/unicef.org.eca/ files/IE_summary_ accessible_220917_0.pdf.
- United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2016. Disability Monograph. NBS: Dar es Salaam.
- van Gurp, S. 2001. Self-concept of Deaf Secondary School Learners in Different Educational Settings.
- Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6(1): 54–69.
- World Health Organisation (WHO). 2017. Deafness and hearing loss: Fact sheet. Geneva: World Health
- Organisation Media Center. http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs300/en/.
- —. 2011. World Report on Disabilities. Malta: Retrieved from www.who.int.
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##journal.references##
Agyire-Tettey, E. E. M., M. Cobbina & E. S. Hemanoo. 2017. Academic Challenges of Students With
HI (SHIs) in Ghana. Disability CBR & Inclusive Development, 29(3): 127–150.
Ajzen, I. & M. Fishbein. 1980. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behaviour. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Akbari, B., Z. Teymori, S. Abolghasemi & H. Khorshidiyan. 2013. Stress Coping Strategies in Hearing
Impaired Students. Auditory and Vestibular Research, 22(1). Retrieved from http://avr. tums. ac.ir/
index.php/avr/article/view/331.
Ary, D., L. C. Jacobs & A. Razavieh. 1996. Introduction to Research in Education (5thed.). New York:
Harcourt Brace College Publisher.
Blaxter, L., C. Hughes & M. Tight. 2006. How to Research (3rd Ed). New York: Open University Press.
Bogdan, R. C. & S. K. Biklen. 2007. Qualitative Research for Education:. An Introduction to Theory and
Methods (5th Ed.). New York: Pearson Education Inc.
Borg, W. R. & M. D. Gall. 2005. Educational Research:. An Introduction (5th Ed. London: Longman.
Braun, V. & V. Clarke. 2006. Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology,
(2): 77–101.
Bronner, S. E. 2002. Points of Departure: Sketches of Critical Theory with Public Aim. In of Critical
Theory and Its Theorists, Pp 231–258. Retrieved from: http://www.uta.edu/ huma/illuminations/
bron4a.htm.
Cohen, L., L. Manion & K. Morrison. 2003. Research Methods in Education. London: Routledge Falmer.
Cosmas, V. J. 2016. Educational Challenges and Coping Strategies among Learners with Hearing Disability in
Tanzania Inclusive Public Secondary Schools. PHI Thesis, Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
Creswell, J. W. 2009. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods (3rd Ed.). London: SAGE.
Creswell, J. W., W. E. Hanson, V. L. P. Clark & A. Morale. 2007. Qualitative Research Designs:
Selection and Implementation. Counselling Psychologist, 35(2): 236–264.
Denscombe, M. 2007. The Good Research Guide for Small-Scale Social Research Project (3rd Ed.). New
York: Open University Press.
Developmental Disorders Series. 2008. Hearing Impairment. Retrieved from www.dhcas. gov.hk/
english/public_edu/files/series1hearingImpairment_Eng. df.
Dey, I. 1993. Qualitative Data Analysis: A User Friendly Guide for Social Science. London: Routledge.
Dombeck, M. & J. Wells-Moran. 2006. Coping Strategies and Defense Mechanisms: Basic and Intermediate
Defenses. Retrieved from http://www.mentalhelp.net/ poc/view_ doc.php?type=doc&id=9791.
Duijvestijn, J., L. Anteunis, C. Hoek, R. Van Den Brink, M. Chenault & J. Manni. 2003. Help-Seeking
Behaviour of Hearing Impaired Persons Aged > or 55 Years; Effect of Complaints, Significant
Others and Hearing Aid Image. Acta Oto-Laryngological, 123: 846–850.
Eksi, H. 2010. Personality and Coping among Turkish College Learners: a Canonical Correlation
Analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(4): 2159–2176.
Eleweke, C. J. 2002. A Review of Issues in Deaf Education under Nigeria’s 6-3-3-4 Education System.
Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7(1): 74–82.
Esia-Donkoh, K., D. Yelkpieri & K. Esia-Donkoh. 2011. Coping With Stress: Strategies Adopted By
learners at the Winneba Campus of University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. US-China Education
Review, B (2): 290–299.
Galabawa, C. J. C. 2005. Returns to Investments in Education: Startling Revelations and Alternatives Before
Tanzanians. Dar es Salaam: KAD Associates and Publishing Consultants.
Golafshani, N. 2003. Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative
Report, 8(4): 597–607.
Government of the Republic of Rwanda. 2005. Proposal for a National Plan for Special Needs Education
and Related Services in Rwanda. Kigali. Retrieved from http://payson.tulane.edu/ gsdl2.73//
collect/mohnonve/index/assoc/HASH2410.dir/doc.pdf,.
Gudyanga, E., N. Wadesango, H. Eliphanos & A. Gudyanga. 2014. Challenges Faced By Students with
HI in Bulawayo Urban Regular Schools. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(9): 445–451.
Haualand, H. & C. Allen. 2009. Deaf People and Human Rights. Helsinki, World Federation of the Deaf
and Swedish National Association of the Deaf.
Heward, W. L. 2009. Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education (9th Ed.). New Jersey:
Pearson.
Hoepfl, M. C. 1997. Choosing Qualitative Research: a Primer for Technology Education Research.
Journal of Technology Education, 9(1): 47–63. Retrieved from http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ ejournals/
jte/v9n1/pdf/hoepfl.pdf.
Hsieh, H. & E. Shannon, S 2005. Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health
Research, 15(9): 1277–1288.
Jambor, E. & M. Elliott. 2005. Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies among Deaf Learners. Accessed
from Http://Jdsde.Oxfordjournals.Org.
Kayombo, B. 2010. Teachers’ Competency in Handling Pupils with Disabilities in Inclusive Primary Schools
in Tanzania. Unpublished MA (ASP) Dissertation. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam.
Kellner, D. 1990. Critical Theory and the Crisis of Social Theory. Sociological Perspectives, 33(1): 11–33.
Kiomoka, D. J. 2014. Children with Visual Impairments in Tanzania: An Investigation of the Challenges
Which Children with Visual Impairment Face in Learning and Participation in Inclusive Primary Schools.
Unpublished Master in Adapted Education Thesis. Oslo: Hedmark University College.
Kisanga, S. E. 2019. Copping With Educational Barriers in Tanzania Inclusive Education Settings:
Evidence from Students with Sensory Impairment. In Chitiyo et al., (Eds. Proceedings of the 16th
Biennal Conference of the International Association of Special Education-Magamba, Tanzania,
July 14–17. 2019. The International Association of Special Education. 19–21.
Krohn-Nydal, A. 2008. The Development of Inclusive Education in the Tanzanian Primary School.
Unpublished Mphil Degree in Comparative and International Education. Oslo: Universitete Oslo.
Kyaruzi, E. 2009. School Level Factors Influencing the Teaching and Learning of Pupils with HI in Primary
Schools: The Case of Dar es Salaam Region. MA (ASP) Dissertation. UDSM: Dar es Salaam.
Lazarus, R. S. 1993. From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks.
Annual Reviews, 44, 1–21.
Lincoln, Y. S. & E. Guba. 1985, Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Luvanga, H. B., S. W. Mwangi & R. J. Maneno. 2020. Challenges in the Methods and Practices of
Teaching Pupils with Hearing Impairments in Mombasa County, Kenya. International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, 10(4): 832–835.
Maina, E. N., P. O. Adoyo & F. C. Indoshi. 2011. Curriculum Factors Influencing Performance of Deaf
Students in Mathematics. Educational Research, 2(3): 956–964.
Mamba, A. T. & R. Mafumbate. 2019. Challenges Faced By Learners with Partial Hearing Impairment
in Lubombo Mainstream High Schools: A Wellness Perspective. Journal of Education and Practice,
(27): 30–38.
Maxwell, J. A. 2010. Using Numbers in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(6): 475–482.
Mnyanyi, C. B. F. 2010. Participation in Teaching and Learning Activities in Primary School
Classrooms Accommodating Pupils with Disabilities: Teachers and Pupils Perspectives. HURIA,
VIII, 106–124.
MoE. 2012. National Education Strategic Plan: 2011–2020. Retrieved from www.mona. uwi.edu/
cop/sites/default/files/Jamaica_NESP_2011-2020.pdf.
MoEST. 2019. National Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania 2019 National Data. Dodoma: Ministry
of Education, Science and Technology.
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST). 2017. National Strategy for Inclusive
Education – 2018–2021. MoEST: Dodoma.
Mpofu, J. & S. Chimhenga. 2013. Challenges Faced By Hearing Impaired Pupils in Learning: a Case
of King George VI Memorial School. IOSR Journal of Research Methods in Education, 2(1): 69–74.
Mumthas, N. S. & E. Shamina. 2011. Are the Prospective Teachers at Secondary Level Aware About Inclusive
Education? Paper Submitted for National Seminar on Quality Concerns in Education at the University
of Calicut (2011–November–11. Retrieved from: files.eric.ed.gov/ fulltext/ ED529566.pff.
Noble, H. 2010. Improving the Experience of Deaf Students in Higher Education. British Journal of
Nursing. 19(13): 851–854.
Okuni, A. 2004. Basic Education and Poverty Reduction: Policy Implications of Poor People’s Perceptions
and Meanings of Education in Uganda. Papers in Education and Development, 24: 126–148.
Passer, M. W. & R. E. Smith. 2004. Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour (2nd Ed.), New York:
Mcgraw-Hill.
Patton, M. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Payakachat, N., P.O. Gubbins, D. Ragland, S.E. Norman, S. K. Flowers, C. D. Stowe, & J. K. Hastings.
Academic Help Seeking Behaviour among Student Pharmacists. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Education, 77(1): 1–11.
Petty, N. J., O. P. Thomson & G. Stew. 2012. Ready for a Paradigm Shift? Part 1: Introducing the
Philosophy of Qualitative Research. Manual Therapy, 17, 267–274.
Polat, F. 2010. Tackling Barriers to Education Caused by Attitudes towards Inclusion in Tanzania.
Education Insights, 81, 4.
Pothier, D. & R. Devlin (Eds.). 2006. Critical Disability Theory: Essays in Philosophy, Politics, Policy
and Law. Law and Society Series, 1–36: UBC Press. Toronto. Retrieved from www.ubcpress.ca/
books/pdf/chapters/pothier.pdf.
Powell, D., M. Hyde & R. Punch. 2013. Inclusion in Postsecondary Institutions with Small Numbers
of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Learners: Highlights and Challenges. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf
Education. 19(1): 126–140.
President’s Office-Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG). 2020. Pre-Primary,
Primary, Secondary, Adult and Non-Formal Education Statistics 2020 Regional Data. PO-RALG:
Dodoma.
Sandelowski, M. 1993. Rigor or Rigor Mortis: The Problem of Rigor in Qualitative Research
Revisited. Advanced Nursing Science, 16(2): 1–8.
Sandelowski, M., C. I. Voils & G. Knafl. 2009. On Quantitizing. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3):
–222.
Saunders, G. H., T. H. Chisolm & M. I. Wallhagen. 2012. Older Adults and Hearing Help-Seeking
Behaviours. American Journal of Audiology, 21: 331–337.
Singal, N. 2010. From Enrolment to Participation: Education for Children with Disabilities in India.
Education Insights, 81, 5.
TEN/MET. 2007. Strengthening Education in Tanzania: COS Contribution to the Education Sector Review
Dar es Salaam: TEN/MET.
Tungaraza, F. D. & M. W. Mboya. 2008. Orientation Mobility Training and Transition Issues for Students
with Disability in Tanzanian Institutions of Higher Learning: a Needs Assessment Report. Unpublished
Paper, University of Dar es Salaam.
United Nations. 2020. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. Retrieved from https://
unstats.un.org/ sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf.
—. 1989. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York: UN.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). 2016. Education 2030:
Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action towards Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and
Lifelong Learning for All. UNESCO. Retrieved from www. mona.uwi.edu/cop/sites/default/ files/
UNESCO education2030_1.pdf.
—. 1994. The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris:
UNESCO.
—. 1990. The World Declaration on Education for All and Framework for Action to Meet Basic Learning
Needs, 5th
–9
th March, Jomtien. Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). 2017. Inclusive Education:
Understanding Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
https://www.unicef.org/eca/sites/unicef.org.eca/ files/IE_summary_ accessible_220917_0.pdf.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2016. Disability Monograph. NBS: Dar es Salaam.
van Gurp, S. 2001. Self-concept of Deaf Secondary School Learners in Different Educational Settings.
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