Assessment of the Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Tea Leaves Grown at Amani in Tanga Region by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF)
Corresponding Author(s) : Mohamed Mazunga
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
##issue.vol## 10 ##issue.no## 4 (2021)
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Determination of the concentration of heavy metals in tea leaves is important in assessing its quality for human consumption. This study aimed to assess the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in soil and tea leaves at Kwamkoro tea plantation in Amani, Tanga. The soil and tea leaves samples were analysed by using the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. The results of heavy metals mean concentrations in soil were Cr (185.65 ± 27.91 µg/g), Mn (341.15 ± 24.41 µg/g), Ni (25.6 ± 3.27 µg/g), Cu (21.71 ± 2.33 µg/g), Zn (41.29 ± 5.27 µg/g), As (1.25 ± 0.17 µg/g), Cd (2.47 ± 0.53 µg/g), Hg (1.06 ± 0.21 µg/g) and Pb (17.65 ± 2.35 µg/g). Mean concentration of As and Cd in soil of Amani, Tanga were 1.25 and 2.47 times greater than the maximum permissible limit values for agricultural soil set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standards. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in tea leaves were Cu (15.19 ± 0.62 µg/g), As (0.03 ± 0.03µg/g), Cd (1.88 ± 0.68 µg/g), Hg (0.10 ± 0.04 µg/g), and Pb (0.41 ± 0.11 µg/g). The mean concentrations of Cu, As, Hg and Pb were below, while that of Cd was above the limit value of safety standard set by the WHO and FAO. The study concluded that, the strong positive correlation observed between heavy metals in soil and tea leaves implies that there is strong relationship between the concentration of heavy metals in the soil and those found in tea leaves. Therefore, the application of phosphates fertilizer and agrochemicals must be monitored in Amani tea plantation because it increases the concentrations of heavy metals in both soil and tea leaves.
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Fides, S., M. M. Kelvin & Martin K. 2016. Heavy Metals Contamination in Agricultural Soil and Rice in Tanzania: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 4(1): 16–23. Garba, Z. N., S. Ubam., A. A. Babando & A. Galadima. 2015. Quantitative Assessment of Heavy Metals from Selected Tea Brands Marketed in Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Physical Science, 26(1): 43–51. Jarup, L. 2003. Hazards of Heavy Metals Contamination. British Medical Bulletin, 68(1): 167–182. Juma, S. 2018. Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Tea (Camellia Sinensis) from Amani (Tanga) by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. MSc. (Physics) dissertation University of Dar es Salaam. KEBS. 2007. Drinking Water Specification, the Requirement for Drinking Water. 3rd Edition. Nairobi, Kenya. Michie, N. D. & E. J. Dixon. 1977. Distribution of Lead and Other Metals in Tea Leaves, Dust and Liquor. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 28(2): 215–224. Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China (MAPRC). 2003. The Limit of Chromium, Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic and Fluoride in Tea; NY 659–2003; MAPRC: Beijing, China. Mohamed, H. H. & K. M. Al-Qahtan. 2012. Assessment Some Heavy Metals in Vegetables, Cereals and Fruits in Saudi Arabian Markets. Nara Binti Abdul Rahman University, Saudi Arabia. Moseti, O. K. 2013. Levels of Selected Heavy Metals and Fluoride in Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Grown, Processed and Marketed in Kenya. MSc Chemistry Thesis, Egerton University. National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China (NHFPCPRC) and China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). 2017. National Standard for Food Safety: Limit of Contaminants in Food; GB 2762–2017; NHFPCPRC and CFDA: Beijing, China. Nyaboke, O. P. 2017. Concentration of Selected Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Soils in Tea Farms and Water from Nyamosogota River, Kisii County, Kenya. MSc (Chemistry) Thesis Kenyatta University. Ramakrishna, R. S., S. Palmakumbura & A. Chatt. 1986. Varietal variation and correlation of trace metal levels with catechins and caffeine in Sri Lanka tea. Journal of the Food Science and Agriculture, 38(4): 331–339. Sathawara N. G., D. J. Parikish & Y. K. Agrwal. 2004. Essential Heavy Metals in Environmental Samples from Western India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73(4): 756–761. Semu, E & B. R. Singh. 1995. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soils and Plants after Long Term Use of Fertilizers and Fungicides in Tanzania. Fertilizer Research, 44(3): 241–248. Stephens, B. W. & M. K. V Carr. 1991. Responses of Tea (Camellia Sinensis) to Irrigation and Fertilizer. I. Yield. Experimental Agriculture, 27(2): 177–191. Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS). 2007. Soil Quality-Limits for Soil Contaminants in Habitat and Agriculture, TZS 972. United State Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). 2006. Integrated risk information system (IRIS) Lead and Compounds (inorganic): CASRN 7439-92-1. WHO/FAO. 2004. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme Codex Alimentary Commission 13th Session Report of the Thirty-Eight Session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. Houston, ALINORM 07/30/13. Zhang, J., R. Yang., R. Chen., Y. Peng., X. Wen & L. Gao. 2018. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Tea Leaves and Potential Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(1), 133.