Intertextuality and Narrativization of Multiple Perspectives: COVID-19 Pandemic in Popular Songs in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Spemba Spemba
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 12 No. 1 (2023)
Abstract
Close to the end of 2019, COVID-19, an infectious disease that still wreaks havoc, was
discovered in Wuhan – China. The pandemic has become a major worldwide health
problem to date. Its socioeconomic and cultural aftermaths have dominated the
world’s public discourse. Media and literary artefacts reflect the ongoing debate,
education, and communication regarding the pandemic. This paper examines how
popular songs represent multiple (social-cultural, economic, and political) perspectives
regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania. The article focuses on secular and
religious song lyrics to ascertain how they convey multiple perspectives regarding an
understanding of COVID-19, and whether such views might educate an audience. By
drawing ideas from the notion of intertextuality, we argue that Tanzania’s popular
songs are a repository of multiple perspectives, which mirror scientific and political
views, beliefs, and rumours Tanzanians share regarding COVID-19. We further contend
that such songs are a platform through which clashing and conflicting ideas related to
COVID-19 manifest, and that through which the audience becomes aware of various
ideas and issues related to the pandemic, especially in Tanzania.
(Received: 18
th July 2022; Accepted: 17th November 2022; Revised: 26th January 2023)
Keywords
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- Alfaro, M. 1996. Intertextuality: origins and Development of the Concept. Atlantis. 18(1): 268–285.
- Allen, G. 2000. Intertextuality. London. Routledge.
- Bastien, S. 2009. Reflecting and shaping the discourse: The role of music in AIDS
- communication in Tanzania. Social Science & Medicine 68 (7): 1357–1360.
- Bakhtin, M. & Holquist, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of
- Texas Press.
- Birgit, E. 2003. Bongo Flava (Still) Hidden ‘Underground’ – Rap from Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien 5: 73?93.
- Birgit, E. 2008. Kuchanganyachanganya – Topic and Language Choices in Tanzanian Youth
- Culture. Journal of African Cultural Studies 20(1): 45?55.
- Cabedo-Mas, A., Cristina, A. & Lidon M. 2021. Uses and Perceptions of Music in Times of COVID
- : A Spanish Population Survey. Front. Psychol. 11: 606180. https://doi.0.3389/ fpsyg.
- 606180.
- Chatterjee-Padmanabhan, M. 2014. Bakhtin’s Theory of Heteroglossia/Intertextuality in
- Teaching Academic Writing in Higher Education. Journal of Academic Language & Learning.
- (3): 101–112
- Dionne, K. Y., Dulani, B & Fischer, S. E. 2021. Pandemic Amid Political Crisis: Malawi’s
- Experience with and Response to COVID-19. In: Coronavirus Politics: The Comparative Politics
- and Policy of COVID-19. In: Greer, S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M. & Santos, A. P. (Eds). The
- University of Michigan Press. Scribbr. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/10.3998/ mpub.
- 32.
- Gozbert, G. 2020. Simu. [Directed by Yotham Lyobha]. Ngomma Records. Scribbr.
- https://youtu.be/0WpkcIUl-u0.
- Greer, S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M. & Santos, A. P. 2021. Coronavirus Politics: The
- Comparative Politics and Policy of COVID-19. Michigan: The University of MichiganPress.
- Gruenbaum, O. 2021. Commonwealth Update. The Round Table 110(2): 193–202.
- Lava Lava (2020) Corona (Official Audio). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v
- =uTDCmjbNv0w.
- Machacek, G. 2007. Allusion. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122:
- – 36.
- Mahiya, I. T. & Murisi, R. 2022. Reconfiguration and Adaptation of a Church in Times of COVID19 Pandemic: A Focus on Selected Churches in Harare and Marondera, Zimbabwe. Cogent
- Arts & Humanities, 9: 1–16.
- Marchenkova, L. A., Hall J. K. & Vitanov G. 2005. Dialogue with Bakhtin on Second and Foreign
- Language Learning: New Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
- Mrisho Mpoto Ft THT (2020. Kwaheri Corona Virus. THT and Mpoto Gallery. https://www.
- youtube. com/watch?v=nhqaSPrR9b0.
- Mumbu, A. J. & Hugo, A. K. 2020. Mathematical Modelling on COVID-19 Transmission Impacts with
- Preventive Measures: A Case Study of Tanzania. Journal of Biological Dynamics 14(1): 748–766.
- Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 1973. Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and
- Politics. Lawrence Hill.
- Ogede, O. 2011. Intertextuality in Contemporary African Literature: Looking Inward. Lanham:
- Lexington-Rowman.
- Otieno, S. D. 2021. Archives of Pandemic: Song and the Mitigation of COVID-19 Pandemic in East
- Africa. Cogent Arts & Humanities 8(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10. 108023311983. 2021. 1946245.
- Perullo, A. 2005. Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam,
- Tanzania. Africa Today 51(4): 75–101. doi:10.1353/at.2005.0045.
- Rayvanny (2020. Rayvanny - Magufuli -Corona (Official Video). Shot & Directed by Eris Mzava.
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzzYz0DMPDU.
- Reuster?Jahn, U & Roland, K. 2006. Lugha ya Mitaani in Tanzania. The Poetics and Sociology
- of a Young Urban Style of Speaking. With a Dictionary Comprising 1100 Words and
- Phrases. Swahili Forum, 13: 1–196.
- Reuster?Jahn, U. 2007. ‘Let’s Go Party!’ Discourse and Self?Portrayal in the Bongo Fleva Song
- Mikasi (‘Sex’, Ngwair 2004. Swahili Forum 14: 225?254. Scribbr. https://www.ifeas.uni?
- mainz.de/SwaFo/SF_14_13%20 Reuster_Jahn.pdf.
- Reuster?Jahn, U. 2008. Bongo Flava and the Electoral Campaign 2005 in Tanzania. Stichproben.
- WienerZeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien 14: 41?69.
- Reuster-Jahn, U & Hacke, G. 2011. The Bongo Flava industry in Tanzania and artists’ strategies
- for success. Arbeitspapiere / Working Papers. Nr. 127: 1–21.
- Riffaterre, M. 1984. Intertextual Representation: on Mimesis as Interpretive Discourse. Critical
- Inquiry, 11: 141–62.
- Ronan, B. 2015. Intertextuality and Dialogic Interaction in Students’ online Text Construction.
- Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 64: 379–397.
- Rostam. 2019. Kaka Tuchati. [Directed by Nicklass]. Tongwe Records. Scribbr. https://youtu.
- be/9EMWM_S1ioI.
- Sanga, I. 2018. The Antinomies of Transgressive Gender Acts in Professor ‘Jay’s Rap Music
- Video ‘Zali la Mentali’ in Tanzania. Journal of Literary Studies 34(1):104–117
- Doi:10.1080/02564718.2018.1447871.
- Sanga, I. 2011. Mzungu Kichaa and the Figuring of Identity in “Bongo Fleva” Music in Tanzania.
- International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, 42: 189–208.
- Saimon, M. 2019. Gender Identity: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of Bongo FlavaSong Video Niambie. Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi. 12(1): 5–20.
- Stam, R. 1988. Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique. In: E. Ann Kaplan (Ed.). Postmodernism
- and Its Discontents. London: Verso.
- Suriano, M. 2011. Hip Hop and Bongo Flavour music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’
- Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions. African Development: Theology of
- Youths, 36: 113–126.
- Tamimu. 2020. Corona-(Official Musc Video)Director Es.https://www.youtube.com/ results?
- search_query=%22Corona%22+by+Tamimu+(2020.
- Omari, S. 2011. Call me ‘Top in Dar’: The Role of Pseudonyms in Bongo Fleva Music. Swahili
- Forum, 18: 69–86.
- Vidgen, R. 1996. A Multiple Perspective Approach to Information System Quality. PhD thesis,
- University of Salford.
- Wright, T. 2020. God and the Pandemic: A Christian Reflection on the Coronavirus and its Aftermath.
- U.K.: SPCK.
- Yamanis, T., Carlitz, R. & Mollel, H. A. 2021. Adapting COVID-19 Containment in Africa: Lessons
- from Tanzania. In: S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M & Santos, A. P. (Eds). Coronavirus Politics:
- The Comparative Politics and Policy of COVID-19. Greer: University of Michigan Press
References
Alfaro, M. 1996. Intertextuality: origins and Development of the Concept. Atlantis. 18(1): 268–285.
Allen, G. 2000. Intertextuality. London. Routledge.
Bastien, S. 2009. Reflecting and shaping the discourse: The role of music in AIDS
communication in Tanzania. Social Science & Medicine 68 (7): 1357–1360.
Bakhtin, M. & Holquist, M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Austin: University of
Texas Press.
Birgit, E. 2003. Bongo Flava (Still) Hidden ‘Underground’ – Rap from Morogoro, Tanzania.
Stichproben. Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien 5: 73?93.
Birgit, E. 2008. Kuchanganyachanganya – Topic and Language Choices in Tanzanian Youth
Culture. Journal of African Cultural Studies 20(1): 45?55.
Cabedo-Mas, A., Cristina, A. & Lidon M. 2021. Uses and Perceptions of Music in Times of COVID
: A Spanish Population Survey. Front. Psychol. 11: 606180. https://doi.0.3389/ fpsyg.
606180.
Chatterjee-Padmanabhan, M. 2014. Bakhtin’s Theory of Heteroglossia/Intertextuality in
Teaching Academic Writing in Higher Education. Journal of Academic Language & Learning.
(3): 101–112
Dionne, K. Y., Dulani, B & Fischer, S. E. 2021. Pandemic Amid Political Crisis: Malawi’s
Experience with and Response to COVID-19. In: Coronavirus Politics: The Comparative Politics
and Policy of COVID-19. In: Greer, S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M. & Santos, A. P. (Eds). The
University of Michigan Press. Scribbr. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/10.3998/ mpub.
32.
Gozbert, G. 2020. Simu. [Directed by Yotham Lyobha]. Ngomma Records. Scribbr.
Greer, S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M. & Santos, A. P. 2021. Coronavirus Politics: The
Comparative Politics and Policy of COVID-19. Michigan: The University of MichiganPress.
Gruenbaum, O. 2021. Commonwealth Update. The Round Table 110(2): 193–202.
Lava Lava (2020) Corona (Official Audio). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v
=uTDCmjbNv0w.
Machacek, G. 2007. Allusion. Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 122:
– 36.
Mahiya, I. T. & Murisi, R. 2022. Reconfiguration and Adaptation of a Church in Times of COVID19 Pandemic: A Focus on Selected Churches in Harare and Marondera, Zimbabwe. Cogent
Arts & Humanities, 9: 1–16.
Marchenkova, L. A., Hall J. K. & Vitanov G. 2005. Dialogue with Bakhtin on Second and Foreign
Language Learning: New Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge.
Mrisho Mpoto Ft THT (2020. Kwaheri Corona Virus. THT and Mpoto Gallery. https://www.
youtube. com/watch?v=nhqaSPrR9b0.
Mumbu, A. J. & Hugo, A. K. 2020. Mathematical Modelling on COVID-19 Transmission Impacts with
Preventive Measures: A Case Study of Tanzania. Journal of Biological Dynamics 14(1): 748–766.
Ngugi wa Thiong’o. 1973. Homecoming: Essays on African and Caribbean Literature, Culture, and
Politics. Lawrence Hill.
Ogede, O. 2011. Intertextuality in Contemporary African Literature: Looking Inward. Lanham:
Lexington-Rowman.
Otieno, S. D. 2021. Archives of Pandemic: Song and the Mitigation of COVID-19 Pandemic in East
Africa. Cogent Arts & Humanities 8(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10. 108023311983. 2021. 1946245.
Perullo, A. 2005. Hooligans and Heroes: Youth Identity and Hip-Hop in Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania. Africa Today 51(4): 75–101. doi:10.1353/at.2005.0045.
Rayvanny (2020. Rayvanny - Magufuli -Corona (Official Video). Shot & Directed by Eris Mzava.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzzYz0DMPDU.
Reuster?Jahn, U & Roland, K. 2006. Lugha ya Mitaani in Tanzania. The Poetics and Sociology
of a Young Urban Style of Speaking. With a Dictionary Comprising 1100 Words and
Phrases. Swahili Forum, 13: 1–196.
Reuster?Jahn, U. 2007. ‘Let’s Go Party!’ Discourse and Self?Portrayal in the Bongo Fleva Song
Mikasi (‘Sex’, Ngwair 2004. Swahili Forum 14: 225?254. Scribbr. https://www.ifeas.uni?
mainz.de/SwaFo/SF_14_13%20 Reuster_Jahn.pdf.
Reuster?Jahn, U. 2008. Bongo Flava and the Electoral Campaign 2005 in Tanzania. Stichproben.
WienerZeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien 14: 41?69.
Reuster-Jahn, U & Hacke, G. 2011. The Bongo Flava industry in Tanzania and artists’ strategies
for success. Arbeitspapiere / Working Papers. Nr. 127: 1–21.
Riffaterre, M. 1984. Intertextual Representation: on Mimesis as Interpretive Discourse. Critical
Inquiry, 11: 141–62.
Ronan, B. 2015. Intertextuality and Dialogic Interaction in Students’ online Text Construction.
Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 64: 379–397.
Rostam. 2019. Kaka Tuchati. [Directed by Nicklass]. Tongwe Records. Scribbr. https://youtu.
be/9EMWM_S1ioI.
Sanga, I. 2018. The Antinomies of Transgressive Gender Acts in Professor ‘Jay’s Rap Music
Video ‘Zali la Mentali’ in Tanzania. Journal of Literary Studies 34(1):104–117
Doi:10.1080/02564718.2018.1447871.
Sanga, I. 2011. Mzungu Kichaa and the Figuring of Identity in “Bongo Fleva” Music in Tanzania.
International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, 42: 189–208.
Saimon, M. 2019. Gender Identity: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of Bongo FlavaSong Video Niambie. Profetik Jurnal Komunikasi. 12(1): 5–20.
Stam, R. 1988. Mikhail Bakhtin and Left Cultural Critique. In: E. Ann Kaplan (Ed.). Postmodernism
and Its Discontents. London: Verso.
Suriano, M. 2011. Hip Hop and Bongo Flavour music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths’
Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions. African Development: Theology of
Youths, 36: 113–126.
Tamimu. 2020. Corona-(Official Musc Video)Director Es.https://www.youtube.com/ results?
search_query=%22Corona%22+by+Tamimu+(2020.
Omari, S. 2011. Call me ‘Top in Dar’: The Role of Pseudonyms in Bongo Fleva Music. Swahili
Forum, 18: 69–86.
Vidgen, R. 1996. A Multiple Perspective Approach to Information System Quality. PhD thesis,
University of Salford.
Wright, T. 2020. God and the Pandemic: A Christian Reflection on the Coronavirus and its Aftermath.
U.K.: SPCK.
Yamanis, T., Carlitz, R. & Mollel, H. A. 2021. Adapting COVID-19 Containment in Africa: Lessons
from Tanzania. In: S. L., King, E. J., Fonseca, E. M & Santos, A. P. (Eds). Coronavirus Politics:
The Comparative Politics and Policy of COVID-19. Greer: University of Michigan Press