Adaptation versus Adoption of Sounds from Kiswahili into Chimalaba
Corresponding Author(s) : hamisi amani
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
##issue.vol## 10 ##issue.no## 4 (2021)
##article.abstract##
This paper describes an exciting case of adaptation versus adoption of sounds from Kiswahili loanwords integrated into Chimalaba. The data were collected through interviews and targeted elicitation of lexical loanwords containing borrowed sounds. The analysis of adaptation and adoption of Kiswahili sounds into Chimalaba was guided by the assimilation theory (AT), which holds that speakers of the borrowing language always change the phonological patterns of loanwords so as to fit into the system of their language. The findings indicate that phonological integration of Kiswahili loanwords into Chimalaba displays two types of conformity: conformity to the phonological structure of the recipient language (RL); and conformity to the sociohistorical pressure exerted by the source language (SL). In the former, speakers adapt foreign sounds to preserve the structure of the RL, and in the latter speakers adopt foreign sounds in response to socio-historical pressure put forth by the SL. Thus, adaption and adoption are used concurrently in integrating foreign sounds in Chimalaba so as to serve two different purposes: adaptation serves for structural preservation, and adoption responds to socio-historical pressure exerted by the SL on the RL.
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- Amani, H. 2013. Morphological Integration of Lexical Borrowings in Chimalaba’. Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education, 7(2): 38–50. Amani, H. & A.Y. Mreta. 2012. Mechanisms of Structural Borrowing in Chimalaba. Journal of African Affairs, 32(8): 211–232. Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M], New York: Henry Holt. Broselow, E. 2009. Stress Adaptation in Loanword Phonology: Perception and Learnability. In: Boersma, P. & Hamann, S. (Eds.): Phonology in Perception. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 191–234. Haugen, E. 1950. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing. Language, 26(6): 210–231. Kang, Y. 2011. Loanword Phonology. In: Van Oostendorp, M., Ewen, C., Hume, E. & Rice, K. (Eds.): Companion to Phonology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 2258–2282. —. 2013. Loanwords. Oxford Biographies: Linguistics. King, R. 2000. The Semantic and Syntactic Reanalysis of Grammatical Borrowing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Kraal, P. 2005. A Grammar of Makonde, Ph. D Thesis, Leiden University. Matras, Y. & J. Sakel (Eds). 2007. Grammatical Borrowing in Cross- Linguistic Perspective. Berlin & New York: Mouton De Gruyter. Mcmahon, A. M. S. 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Myers-Scotton, C. 2002. Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcome. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ngunga, A. 2002. Lexical Borrowing in Chiyao. Journal of the Linguistic Association for Southern African Development Community [SADC] Universities, 2(1):15–42. Park, E. C. & E. W. Burgess. 1924. Assimilation. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Poplack, S., D. Sankoff & C. Miller. 1988. The Social Correlates and Linguistic Processes Lexical Borrowing and Assimilation. Linguistics, 26: 47–104. Prince, A. & P. Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Unpublished Manuscript, Rutgers University and University of Colorado, Boulder. Published 2004, Oxford: Blackwell. Rendón, G. 2008. Typological and Social Constraints on Language Change: Amerindian Languages in Contact With Spanish, PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam. Silverman, S. 1992. Multiple Scansions in Loanword Phonology: Evidence from Cantonese. Phonology, 9: 289–328. Thomason, S. & T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Thomason, S. G. 2001. Linguistic Borrowing: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Thomason, S. G. 2008. Linguistic and Social Factors as Predictors of Contact-Induced Change. Journal of Language Contact, 2: 42–56. Van Coetsem, F. 1988. Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problem. New York: Mouton De Gruyter. Winford, D. 2005. Contact-Induced Changes: Classification and Processes. Diachronica, 22(2): 373–427. Yip, M. 1993. Cantonese Loanwords Phonology and Optimality Theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2: 261–291.
##journal.references##
Amani, H. 2013. Morphological Integration of Lexical Borrowings in Chimalaba’. Journal of Linguistics and Language in Education, 7(2): 38–50. Amani, H. & A.Y. Mreta. 2012. Mechanisms of Structural Borrowing in Chimalaba. Journal of African Affairs, 32(8): 211–232. Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language [M], New York: Henry Holt. Broselow, E. 2009. Stress Adaptation in Loanword Phonology: Perception and Learnability. In: Boersma, P. & Hamann, S. (Eds.): Phonology in Perception. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 191–234. Haugen, E. 1950. The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing. Language, 26(6): 210–231. Kang, Y. 2011. Loanword Phonology. In: Van Oostendorp, M., Ewen, C., Hume, E. & Rice, K. (Eds.): Companion to Phonology. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 2258–2282. —. 2013. Loanwords. Oxford Biographies: Linguistics. King, R. 2000. The Semantic and Syntactic Reanalysis of Grammatical Borrowing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Kraal, P. 2005. A Grammar of Makonde, Ph. D Thesis, Leiden University. Matras, Y. & J. Sakel (Eds). 2007. Grammatical Borrowing in Cross- Linguistic Perspective. Berlin & New York: Mouton De Gruyter. Mcmahon, A. M. S. 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Myers-Scotton, C. 2002. Contact Linguistics: Bilingual Encounters and Grammatical Outcome. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ngunga, A. 2002. Lexical Borrowing in Chiyao. Journal of the Linguistic Association for Southern African Development Community [SADC] Universities, 2(1):15–42. Park, E. C. & E. W. Burgess. 1924. Assimilation. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Poplack, S., D. Sankoff & C. Miller. 1988. The Social Correlates and Linguistic Processes Lexical Borrowing and Assimilation. Linguistics, 26: 47–104. Prince, A. & P. Smolensky. 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Unpublished Manuscript, Rutgers University and University of Colorado, Boulder. Published 2004, Oxford: Blackwell. Rendón, G. 2008. Typological and Social Constraints on Language Change: Amerindian Languages in Contact With Spanish, PhD Thesis, University of Amsterdam. Silverman, S. 1992. Multiple Scansions in Loanword Phonology: Evidence from Cantonese. Phonology, 9: 289–328. Thomason, S. & T. Kaufman. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Thomason, S. G. 2001. Linguistic Borrowing: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Thomason, S. G. 2008. Linguistic and Social Factors as Predictors of Contact-Induced Change. Journal of Language Contact, 2: 42–56. Van Coetsem, F. 1988. Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problem. New York: Mouton De Gruyter. Winford, D. 2005. Contact-Induced Changes: Classification and Processes. Diachronica, 22(2): 373–427. Yip, M. 1993. Cantonese Loanwords Phonology and Optimality Theory. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 2: 261–291.