Judicial Approaches in Plagiarism Litigation: Lessons for Universities in East Africa
Corresponding Author(s) : Hamudi Majamba
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
##issue.vol## 11 ##issue.no## 2, (2022)
##article.abstract##
The escalation of plagiarism in universities and subsequent litigations by postgraduate students seeking to challenge universities’ decisions through courts of law worldwide are noticeably increasing. This article reviews trends in plagiarism-related litigations involving postgraduate students in universities in East Africa. The focus is on select universities in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The objective is to determine the approaches that courts of law in the region, and those in other jurisdictions, have adopted in developing legal principles while determining plagiarism-related litigations. The recommendations advanced seek to assist courts in the region to determine cases in accordance with emerging and well-defined legal principles on plagiarism amplified in numerous precedents. The exposition can also inform university authorities to discharge their respective roles more effectively and diligently while dealing with plagiarism-related disciplinary cases. Potential student litigants can also be in a better position to make logical and informed choices with confidence on decisions arrived at by universities.
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- Stapleton, P. (2012). Gauging the effectiveness of anti-plagiarism software: An empirical study of second language graduate writers, Journal of English for Academic Purposes 11, 125–133. Standler, R. B (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism, academic policy. Retrieved from http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf.
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##journal.references##
Among, A. Anita v A.G of Uganda et al [2013] EACJ 3 (29 November 2013). Retrieved from https://africanlii.org/ea/judgment/east-african-court-justice/2013/3-0.
Ali, M. (2021, August 31). HC dismisses plagiarism case against college principal. The Times of India. Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/hc-dismisses-plagiarism-case-against-college-principal/articleshow/85780705.cms?frmapp=yes&from=mdr.
Anne Nang’unda Kukali v Mary Ogola and the University of Nairobi, (2010). [2010] eKLR. Retrieved from http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/74504.
Anney, V. N. & Mosha, M. A. (2015). Student’s plagiarisms in higher learning institutions in the era of improved Internet access: Case study of developing countries. Journal of Education and Practice, 6 (13), 203-216.
AV v IParadigms LLC (n.d.). United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, 544 F. Supp. 2d 473, 480 https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/opinions/published/081424.p.pdf:.
Bensaon Barigye v Dr. John Ddumba Ssentamu and Makerere University Council (2003). Retrieved from New Vision Newspaper 5 February 2003 https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1274226/judge-throws-plagiarism.
BBC News (2013, February 9). German minister Annette Schavan quits over plagiarism. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21395102.
Clarke, O., Chan, W. Y. D., Bukuru, S., Logan, J. & Wang, R. (2022). Assessing knowledge of and attitudes towards plagiarism and ability to recognize plagiaristic writing among university students in Rwanda. High Educ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00830-y.
Commission for Kenya University Education (2014). Universities standards and guidelines, June 2014 p. 52. Retrieved from https://www.daystar.ac.ke/downloads/PhD_Downloads/ universities% 20standards%20and%20guidelines%20june%202014.pdf.
Dr. Jean-Bosco Ngendahimana v the University of Dar es Salaam. (2017). Civil Appeal No. 304 of 2017, Court of Appeal of Tanzania at Dar es Salaam [Unreported]. Retrieved from https://tanzlii.org/tz/judgment/court-appeal-tanzania/2021/3528.
East African Community (2007). Treaty establishing the East African Community. Retrieved from https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/2487/download.
European Network for Academic Integrity (2021). European Union on academic integrity and plagiarism. Retrieved from https://academicintegrity.eu/ conference/proceedings/ 2021/book_ of_abstracts2021.pdf.
Ex-parte Wellington Kihato Wamburu. (Miscellaneous Application No. 466 of 2017). Retrieved from http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/148378. Faulkner v. Univ. of Tennessee, (1994) WL 642765 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1994) cited in Standler, R. B (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism, academic policy. Retrieved from http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf.
Flanagan v University College Dublin (1988) IR 724, [20]. Retrieved from https://ie.vlex.com/ vid/flanagan-v-university-college-793568889.
Friesen, J. (2022 May 11). University of Toronto sues tutoring service for copyright infringement. The Globe and Mail News Paper. Retrieved from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-university-of-toronto-sues-tutoring-service-for-copyright-infringement/Friesent.
Green, S. P. (2002). Plagiarism, norms, and the limits of theft law: Some observations on the use of criminal sanctions in enforcing intellectual property rights. Hastings Law Journal, 54 (1), 167-242. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228244566_ Plagiarism_ Norms_ and_the_Limits_of_Theft_Law_Some_Observations_on_the_Use_of_Criminal_Sanctions_in_Enforcing_Intellectual_Property_Rights.
Hardy, A. & James, C. (2017). Plagiarism v copyright infringement of the society of authors. The Authors Journal, Winter 2017. Retrieved from https://societyofauthors.org/getmedia/872311fe-f54f-4dde-9599-a407a9c1c13a/Plagiarism-and-copyright-infringement.aspx.
Inter University Council for East Africa (2015). Harmonization of higher education in East Africa. Retrieved from http://repository.eac.int/bitstream/handle/ 11671/2047/ Harmonization% 20of% 20Higher% 20 Education%20in%20East%20Africa%20Status%20Update.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
James, A. (2022, 12 May). Study reveals deep concerns over cheating, learning quality. University World News Africa Edition. Retrieved from https://www.universityworldnews.com/ post. php? story=2022050206370464.
Jones, M. (2006). Plagiarism proceedings in higher education: Quality assured? Glasgow Caledonian University. Retrieved from http://marketing-porg-statamic-assets-us-west-2.s3.amazonaws.com/ main/Jones_fullpaper2006.pdf.
Kitara David Lagoro v Gulu University (2019). (Miscellaneous Civil Cause 10 of 2017) [2019] UGHCCD 58 (12 February 2019). Retrieved from https://ulii.org/ug/judgment/hc-civil-division-uganda/2019/58.
Lamubo, S. (2013, October 13). Appeal court upholds university verdict on plagiarism. University World News. Retrieved from https://www.universityworldnews.com/ post.php? story= 20131 031161316390#:~:text=The%20board%20concluded%20that%20an,the%20'rule%20of%20law'.
Lewis, C. B. (1983). The legal nature of university and the students university relationship. Ottawa Law Review, 15, 249-273. Retrieved from https://rdo-olr.org/wp-content/uploads /2018/ 01/ olr_15.2_lewis.pdf.
Lindsay, B. (2011). Student plagiarism in universities: the scope of disciplinary rules and the question of evidentiary standards. International Journal of Law & Education 16 (1), 27-45. Retrieved from https://www.anzela.edu.au/assets/ijle_vol_16.1_-_3_lindsay.pdf.
Lipka, S. (2008, December 5). Judge rules for expelled student who sued a fellow student over plagiarism. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from https://www.chronicle. com/ article/ judge-rules-for-expelled-student-who-sued-a-fellow-student-over-plagiarism-1389/.
Marie-Eve-Morasse, (2021 September 15). Quebec universities have seen cases of plagiarism double since the start of the pandemic. Toronto Star. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com/ news/ canada/2021/09/15/quebec-universities-have-seen-cases-of-plagiarism-double-since-the-start-of-the-pandemic.html.
Mawdsley, R. D. (2009). The tangled web of plagiarism litigation. Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal, Fall 2009, (2) 21-35. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons. law.byu. edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1259&context=elj.
Mbilinyi, D & Msuya, J (2018). Knowledge and strategies of controlling plagiarism at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal, 13 (2), 33-48.
Mumbuna Wamuneo Mwisiya v The Council of the University of Zambia (HP 48 of 1981) [1981] ZMHC 9 (20 August 1981). Retrieved from https://zambialii.org/zm/judgment/high-court-zambia/1981/9.
Nagi, K. & Varughese K. J. (2022). A study of attitudes towards plagiarism among Thai university students. European Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 5 (4), 21-35. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3843418.
Napolitano v. Trustees of Princeton University, 453 A.2d 263 N.J. Super. A.D. (1982). Retrieved from https://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/appellate-division-published/1982/186-n-j-super-576-0.html.
National Council for Higher Education of Uganda (2014). Quality assurance framework for universities and the licensing process for higher educational institutions. Retrieved from https:// businesslicences.go.ug/uploads/documents/Quality-Assurance-Framework-for-Universities.pdf.
Neal, D., & Weeks, K. M. (1983). Plagiarism at Princeton: An academic judgment or a disciplinary procedure. Popular Media 12. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/ cgi/viewcontent. cgi?article=1006&context=popular_media.
Nyongesa & 4 Others v Egerton University College, (1989). Civil Appeal No. 90 of 1989, Court of Appeal at Nairobi. Retrieved from http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/7707/.
Ogunkoya v Harding [2017] EWHC 470 (IPEC). Retrieved from https://www.casemine.com/ judgement/uk/5a8ff75060d03e7f57eab2c4.
Okoche, J. M. M (2013). Plagiarism: the cancer of East African university education. Journal of Education and Practice, 4 (17), 137-143. Retrieved from https://www.academia. edu/ 3396 7567/ Plagiarism_the_Cancer_of_East_African_University_Education.
Oyewole, O. & Abioye A. (2018). Awareness of plagiarism acts and policy by postgraduate students in University of Ibadan, Nigeria’ Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5311&context=libphilprac.
Peter, E. & Coughlin, P. E. (2015). Plagiarism in five universities in Mozambique: magnitude, detection techniques, and control measures. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 11 (2). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-015-0003-5.
Picozzi, James, M. (1987). University disciplinary process: What's fair, what's due, and what you don't get. The Yale Law Journal, 96 (8), 2132-2161. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/ download/ pdf/160249451.pdf.
Ramadhan Z. Z. (2017). Plagiarism in Master of Education Studies at selected East African universities. (Master’s thesis). The Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Retrieved from https://cermesa.uol.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ZAINABU-RAMADHAN.pdf.
Re Humzy-Hancock [2007] QSC 34, p. 11. Retrieved from https://www.queens landjudgments. com. au/caselaw/qsc/2007/34.
Reverend Christopher Mtikila v AG et al. [1985] Tanzania Law Reports [TLR] 3.
Sarwan Singh Lamba & Others vs Union Of India & Others on 12 May 1995. Retrieved from https://indiankanoon.org/doc/538878/.
Sengupta, S. S. (2017). Copyright infringement & plagiarism: Are they really two sides of a coin? Chandmal Tarachand Bora College (CTBC’s) International Research Journal, 9 (1), 45246-45249. Retrieved from http://eprints.rclis.org/25412/1/Copyright_Infringement_Plagiarism.pdf.
Shri P M Parameshwaramurthy vs State of Karnataka (2012). WRIT PETITION NO.4340/2012 (S-RES). 21 November 2012. Retrieved from https://indiankanoon.org/doc/101702059/.
Sibomana, E., Ndayambaje, I. & Uwambayinema, E. (2018). Plagiarism in higher education environment causes and solutions. Rwandan Journal of Education, 4 (2). Retrieved from https://www.ajol.info/index.php/rje/article/view/175119.
Stapleton, P. (2012). Gauging the effectiveness of anti-plagiarism software: An empirical study of second language graduate writers, Journal of English for Academic Purposes 11, 125–133. Standler, R. B (2012). Plagiarism in colleges in USA: Legal aspects of plagiarism, academic policy. Retrieved from http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf.
State v Attorney General et al. ([2002] MWHC 67]) the High Court of Malawi. Retrieved from https://malawilii.org/mw/judgment/high-court-general-division/2002/67.
Tanzania Commission for Universities (2019). Handbook for standards and guidelines for university education in Tanzania. (3rd Ed) paragraphs 4.21.4, 4.24.4 and 5.19.5. Retrieved from https://www.tcu.go.tz/sites/default/files/Handbook%20for%20Standards%20and%20Guidelines%20for%20University%20Education%20in%20Tanzania%20-%203rd%20Edition.pdf.
Tedeschi vs Wagner College, 49 N.Y.2d 652 (1980). Retrieved from https://www.leagle.com/ decision/198070149ny2d6521637.
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