Agentive Intertextual Insertions: (Re)presentation of Albinism in Nwelezelanga: The Star Child’s Subtext
Corresponding Author(s) : Spemba Spemba
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 11 No. 1 (2022)
Abstract
The relationship between African traditional healers (sangomas) and persons with
albinism is contradictory. Sangomas are rumoured to fuel the narrative that body parts
of persons with albinism have magical powers, and so can be harnessed and used by
quick wealth-seekers. That narrative has claimed lives and agency of many albinos.
There is, however, an emerging trend for sangomas to revert this narrative through
media. A good example is Unathi Magubeni, a South African practicing sangoma, who
has authored the novel: Nwelezelanga: The Star Child (2016), on the topic. Borrowing
from critical ideas on intertextuality, disability studies and agency, this study analyses
Magubeni’s subtext to ascertain its activism on albinism. The study conducts an
intertextual analysis of the novel to find out how the text (de)humanises persons with
albinism, and whether it resists or affirms various perceptions and stereotypes
regarding albinism. It argues that intertexts in the novel ambivalently (re)signify beliefs,
stereotypes, and perceptions regarding albinism and persons with the condition.
Keywords
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- Alfaro, M. J. M. 1996. Intertextuality: Origins and Development of the Concept. Atlantis, 268–285.
- Allen, G. 2000. Intertextuality. London. Taylor & Francis Routledge.
- Baker, C, and Lund: 2017. The Role of African Fiction in Educating About Albinism and Human
- Rights: Jenny Robson’s Because Pula Means Rain and Ben Hanson’s Takadini. Journal of Literary and
- Cultural Disability Studies, 11(3): 271–284.
- Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Translated by M. Holquist. Austin:
- University of Texas Press.
- Barthes, R. 1987. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Heath. S. London: Fontana Press.
- Butler, J. 2010. Performative Agency. Journal of Cultural Economy, 3(2): 147–161.
- Butler, J. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. Chicago
- Clare, S. 2009. Agency, Signification, and Temporality. Hypatia, 24(4): 50–62. https: //doi.org/doi: 10.1111/
- j.1527–2001.2009.01057.x
- Edet, M. I. 2016. Innocent Onyewuenyi’s Philosophical Re-Appraisal of the African Belief in
- Reincarnation: A Conversational Study. Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture
- and Religions, 5(1): 76–99.
- Godfrey, R. 1941. Bird-Lore of the Eastern Cape Province: Issue 2 of Bantu Studies: Monograph series.
- Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
- Kristeva, J. 1980. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. New York: Columbia
- University Press.
- Kristeva, J. 1984. Revolution in Poetic Language. Translated by M. Waller. New York: Columbia
- University Press.
- Lara, M. P. 1998. Moral Textures: Feminist Narratives in the Public Sphere. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
- California University Press.
- Lipenga, K. & E. Ngwira. 2018. ‘Black on the Inside’: Albino Subjectivity in the African Novel.
- Disability and the Global South, 5: 1472–1487.
- Magnus, K. D. 2006. The Unaccountable Subject: Judith Butler and the Social Conditions of
- Intersubjective Agency. Hypatia, 21(2): 81–103.
- Magubeni, U. 2016. Nwelezelanga the Star Child. Cape Town: Jacana Media.
- Mswela, M. 2017. Violent Attacks Against Persons with Albinism in South Africa: A Human Rights
- Perspective. African Human Rights Law Journal, 17(1): 114–133.
- Ncube, G. & A. L. Mtenje. 2015. (Re) Drawing the Limits of Marginality: ‘Whiteness’, Disability and Queer
- Sexuality in Petina Gappah’s the Book of Memory. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 28(2): 1–16.
- Ndlovu, I. 2018. Writing in and About Prison, Childhood Albinism and Human Temporality in the
- Book of Memory. Journal of Literary Studies, 34(4): 33–47.
- Njogu, K. 2009. Rekindling Efficacy: Story Telling for Health. In K. Njogu & J. Middleton. (Eds.). Media
- and Identity in Africa. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 124–138.
- Nyakundi, K. D. 2019. Portrayal of Disability (Albinism) in Goro wa Kamau’s Ghost and the Fortune
- Hunters. Master’s dissertation, University of Nairobi.
- Obiechina, E. N. 1968. Amos Tutuola and the Oral Tradition. Critical Perspectives on Amos Tutuola.
- Présence Africaine, (65): 85–106.
- Ogede, O. 2011. Intertextuality in Contemporary African Literature: Looking Inward. Lanham: Lexington
- Books.
- Quayson, A. 2007. Aesthetic Nervousness: Disability and the crisis of representation. New York: Columbia
- University Press.
- —. 2003. Calibrations: Reading for the Social. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
- Robson, G. L. 2010. Negotiating a New Cultural Space: Aspects of Fantasy in Contemporary South
- African Youth Literature, with Specific Reference to Because Pula Means Rain (2010) by Jenny
- Robson. Mousaion, 28(2): 14– 25.
- Roudiez, S. 1980. Introduction. In Julia Kristeva. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature
- and Art. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Siebers, T. 2008. Disability Theory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Smith, K. P. 2007. The Postmodern Fairy Tale: Folkloric Intertexts in Contemporary Fiction. New York:
- Palgrave Macmillan.
- Soga, J. H. 1932. The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs. Lovedale: Lovedale Press.
- Staff Reporter. 2017. The Killing of People with Albinism is Driven by Myth and International
- Inaction. Mail & Guardian. Https: //mg. co.za/article/2017–09–20–the-killing-of-people- withalbinism-is-driven-by-myth-and-international-inaction/.
- Stobie, C. 2020. Precarity, Poverty Porn and Vernacular Cosmopolitanism in Noviolet Bulawayo’s
- We Need New Names and Meg Vandermerwe’s Zebra Crossing. Journal of Postcolonial Writing,
- (4): 517–531.
- Tagwirei, C. 2012. Re-Inventing Alterity: The Woman and the Albino in Takadini’s Subtext.
- ResearchGate, 1–20.
- Tsaaior, J. T. 2013. African Literature and the Politics of Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
References
Alfaro, M. J. M. 1996. Intertextuality: Origins and Development of the Concept. Atlantis, 268–285.
Allen, G. 2000. Intertextuality. London. Taylor & Francis Routledge.
Baker, C, and Lund: 2017. The Role of African Fiction in Educating About Albinism and Human
Rights: Jenny Robson’s Because Pula Means Rain and Ben Hanson’s Takadini. Journal of Literary and
Cultural Disability Studies, 11(3): 271–284.
Bakhtin, M. M. 1981. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Translated by M. Holquist. Austin:
University of Texas Press.
Barthes, R. 1987. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Heath. S. London: Fontana Press.
Butler, J. 2010. Performative Agency. Journal of Cultural Economy, 3(2): 147–161.
Butler, J. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York: Routledge. Chicago
Clare, S. 2009. Agency, Signification, and Temporality. Hypatia, 24(4): 50–62. https: //doi.org/doi: 10.1111/
j.1527–2001.2009.01057.x
Edet, M. I. 2016. Innocent Onyewuenyi’s Philosophical Re-Appraisal of the African Belief in
Reincarnation: A Conversational Study. Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture
and Religions, 5(1): 76–99.
Godfrey, R. 1941. Bird-Lore of the Eastern Cape Province: Issue 2 of Bantu Studies: Monograph series.
Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
Kristeva, J. 1980. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Kristeva, J. 1984. Revolution in Poetic Language. Translated by M. Waller. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Lara, M. P. 1998. Moral Textures: Feminist Narratives in the Public Sphere. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
California University Press.
Lipenga, K. & E. Ngwira. 2018. ‘Black on the Inside’: Albino Subjectivity in the African Novel.
Disability and the Global South, 5: 1472–1487.
Magnus, K. D. 2006. The Unaccountable Subject: Judith Butler and the Social Conditions of
Intersubjective Agency. Hypatia, 21(2): 81–103.
Magubeni, U. 2016. Nwelezelanga the Star Child. Cape Town: Jacana Media.
Mswela, M. 2017. Violent Attacks Against Persons with Albinism in South Africa: A Human Rights
Perspective. African Human Rights Law Journal, 17(1): 114–133.
Ncube, G. & A. L. Mtenje. 2015. (Re) Drawing the Limits of Marginality: ‘Whiteness’, Disability and Queer
Sexuality in Petina Gappah’s the Book of Memory. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 28(2): 1–16.
Ndlovu, I. 2018. Writing in and About Prison, Childhood Albinism and Human Temporality in the
Book of Memory. Journal of Literary Studies, 34(4): 33–47.
Njogu, K. 2009. Rekindling Efficacy: Story Telling for Health. In K. Njogu & J. Middleton. (Eds.). Media
and Identity in Africa. Edinburgh University Press, pp. 124–138.
Nyakundi, K. D. 2019. Portrayal of Disability (Albinism) in Goro wa Kamau’s Ghost and the Fortune
Hunters. Master’s dissertation, University of Nairobi.
Obiechina, E. N. 1968. Amos Tutuola and the Oral Tradition. Critical Perspectives on Amos Tutuola.
Présence Africaine, (65): 85–106.
Ogede, O. 2011. Intertextuality in Contemporary African Literature: Looking Inward. Lanham: Lexington
Books.
Quayson, A. 2007. Aesthetic Nervousness: Disability and the crisis of representation. New York: Columbia
University Press.
—. 2003. Calibrations: Reading for the Social. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
Robson, G. L. 2010. Negotiating a New Cultural Space: Aspects of Fantasy in Contemporary South
African Youth Literature, with Specific Reference to Because Pula Means Rain (2010) by Jenny
Robson. Mousaion, 28(2): 14– 25.
Roudiez, S. 1980. Introduction. In Julia Kristeva. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature
and Art. New York: Columbia University Press.
Siebers, T. 2008. Disability Theory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Smith, K. P. 2007. The Postmodern Fairy Tale: Folkloric Intertexts in Contemporary Fiction. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan.
Soga, J. H. 1932. The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs. Lovedale: Lovedale Press.
Staff Reporter. 2017. The Killing of People with Albinism is Driven by Myth and International
Inaction. Mail & Guardian. Https: //mg. co.za/article/2017–09–20–the-killing-of-people- withalbinism-is-driven-by-myth-and-international-inaction/.
Stobie, C. 2020. Precarity, Poverty Porn and Vernacular Cosmopolitanism in Noviolet Bulawayo’s
We Need New Names and Meg Vandermerwe’s Zebra Crossing. Journal of Postcolonial Writing,
(4): 517–531.
Tagwirei, C. 2012. Re-Inventing Alterity: The Woman and the Albino in Takadini’s Subtext.
ResearchGate, 1–20.
Tsaaior, J. T. 2013. African Literature and the Politics of Culture. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.