##issue.issue##

##issue.vol## 13 ##issue.no## 1 (2024)

The Socio-economic Dynamics Limiting Actions to Combat Child Labour in Tanzania: The Case of Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities in Tabora Region

https://doi.org/10.56279.13.1.2
Elliott P. Niboye

Corresponding Author(s) : Elliott P. Niboye

epniboye@udsm.ac.tz

Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS), ##issue.vol## 13 ##issue.no## 1 (2024)

##article.abstract##

This article is based on a study that sought to establish the dynamics that limit actions
to combat child labour in small-scale gold mining communities in Tanzania. A
qualitative research approach was used to gain a nuanced understanding of the
contextual dynamics that limit actions to combat child labour. Other relevant data
were sourced from grey literature. Thematic analysis of the collected qualitative data
established that the factors limiting actions to combat child labour in small-scale gold
mining communities emanate from both household settings and the community at
large. The study results revealed several factors that constrain efforts to combat child
labour in small-scale gold mining communities. The factors include: wrong perception
of communities towards child labour; inadequate parental care; child-headed
households valuing small-scale gold mining activities as the major source of income;
valuing children’s contribution to the economic well-being of households; the
tendency of children adopting their parents’ mining occupation; undervaluing of
children’s formal education; and high expectations of becoming rich through mining
activities. To curtail child labour in small-scale gold mining communities, there needs
to be efforts to address this problem right from the top tier of the government
governance to the community level. Policy and legal frameworks against child labour
should be enforced, small-scale gold miners should be given specialised training on
modern gold mining techniques that are not labour-intensive, and the competent
authorities should raise awareness at the community level on the importance and
benefits of schooling and children’s education. Also, further research should be carried
to establish new strategies for monitoring and controlling child labour in small-scale
gold mining communities by taking cognizance of the prevailing socio-economic
factors that undermine the current efforts to curtail child labour in the sector.

##journal.references##
  1. Anker, R., Barge, S., Rajgopal, S. & Joseph. M. P. 1998. Economics of Child Labour in Hazardous
  2. Industries of India. Centre for Operations Research and Training (CORT), Baroda, India.
  3. Bandara, A., Dehejia, R. & Rouse, L. 2014. Impact of Income and Non-income Shocks on Child
  4. Labour: Evidence from a Panel Survey of Tanzania. WIDER Working Paper Series 118, World
  5. Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
  6. Baregu, K. M. 2011. Situation Analysis on Child Labour in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar.
  7. Supported by the US Department of Labour. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ ilab/
  8. reports/pdf/TanzaniaSA2011.pdf.
  9. Bean, J.P. 2005. Light and Shadow in Research Design. The Sage Handbook for Research in Education:
  10. Engaging Ideas and Enriching Inquiry. California: Sage Publications.
  11. Bento, A. L. 2017. All that is Gold Does Not Glitter: Mercury Exposure to Children in Artisanal
  12. and Small-scale Gold Mines and the Inadequacy of the Minamata Convention. Journal of
  13. International Business and Law, 16(2): 10. Available at: http://scholarlycommons.law. hofstra.
  14. edu/jibl/vol16/iss2/10.
  15. Bose-O’Reilly, S., Bernaudat, L, Siebert, U., Roider, G., Nowak, D. & Drasch, G. 2017. Signs and
  16. Symptoms of Mercury-Exposed Gold Miners. International Journal of Occupational Medicine
  17. and Environmental Health; 30(2):249–269 https://doi.org/10.13075/ ijomeh. 1896.00715.
  18. Boyce, C. & Neale, P. 2006. Conducting In-Depth Interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-
  19. Depth Interviews for Evaluation Input, Monitoring and Evaluation - 2. Pathfinder International.
  20. Retrieved from http://www2.pathfinder.org/site/DocServer/ m_e_tool_series_indepth_
  21. interviews.pdf?docI D=6301.
  22. Bree, R. & Gallagher, G. 2016. Using Microsoft Excel to Code and Thematically Analyze
  23. Qualitative Data: A Simple, Cost-effective Approach. All Ireland Journal of Teaching and
  24. Learning in Higher Education (AISHE-J), 8(2): 2811–2824. Available at: http://ojs.aishe.org/
  25. index.php/aishe-j/article/view/[281].
  26. Brown, D. 2002. The Determinants of Child Labour: Theory and Evidence. 1st Ed. [eBook] Michigan:
  27. School of Public Policy, The University of Michigan. Available at: http://fordschool.
  28. umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers476–500/r486.pdf.
  29. Brown, G. 2012. Child Labour and Educational Disadvantage: Breaking the Link, Building
  30. Opportunity. London: The Office of the UN Special Envoy for Global Education. Retrieved
  31. from http://www.ungei.org/child_labor_and_education_US.pdf.
  32. Bryceson, D. F. 2014. Youth in Tanzania’s Urbanizing Mining Settlements: Prospecting a
  33. Mineralized Future. WIDER Working Paper 2014/008. UNU-WIDER, Katajanokanlaituri 6 B,
  34. Helsinki, Finland.
  35. Bryceson, D. F., Jønsson, J. B., Kinabo, C. & Shand, M. 2012. Unearthing Treasure and Trouble:
  36. Mining as an Impetus to Urbanization in Tanzania. In D.F. Bryceson and D. MacKinnon
  37. (Eds): Mining and Urbanisation in Africa: Population, Settlement and Welfare, Special Issue
  38. of Journal of Contemporary African Studies. 30(4): 631–50.
  39. Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. 2011. Research Methods in Education (7th Ed). New York:
  40. Routledge.
  41. Denscombe, M. 2007. The Good Research Guide for Small-Scale Social Research Projects. (3rd Ed.).
  42. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  43. Education International, (2013. Child Labour and Education for All: A Resource Guide for Trade
  44. Unions and a Call against Child Labour and for Education for All. Retrieved from file:///C:/
  45. Users/ACER/Downloads/Child_Labour_and_Education_For_All_ACTRAV-EI_ Oct2013.pdf.
  46. Feiss, P. G. & Siyomana, S. 1985. Gold Deposits in the late Archaean Nzega-Igunga Greenstone
  47. Belt, Central Plateau of Tanzania. Geological Society of America, Abstr. Programs; 17,
  48. (United States). Retrieved from https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6611339–gold- deposits-late-
  49. archaean-nzega-igunga-greenstone-belt-central-plateau-tanzania.
  50. Golo, H. K., Attom, L. E., Brew, E. & Eshun, I. 2018. Human Rights Issues of Child Labour and
  51. Economic Activities: The Way Forward. American Journal of Social Science Research, 4 (2): 40–52.
  52. Henckel, J., Poulsen, K.H., Sharp, T. & Spora, P. 2016. Lake Victoria Goldfields. Episodes, 39(2)
  53. DOI: 10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i2/95772.
  54. Human Rights Watch (HRW). 2013. Toxic Toil: Child Labour and Mercury Exposure in Tanzania’s
  55. Small-Scale Gold Mines. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org.
  56. —. 2014. Human Rights Watch Submission: General Recommendation on Girls'/Women's Right to
  57. Education. Retrieved from: https://www.refworld.org/ docid/ 53c7d1e34.html.
  58. International Labour Organisation (ILO). 2017. Global Estimates of Child Labour: Results and
  59. Trends, 2012–2016. International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
  60. —. 2018. Towards the Urgent Elimination of Hazardous Child Labour / International Labour Office,
  61. Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS)-Geneva. Retrieved from
  62. https://www.iniciativa2025alc.org/ sites/default/ files/Towards-the- urgent-elimination-of-
  63. hazardous-child-labour.pdf.
  64. —. 2019. Tackling Child Labour: 100 years of Action / International Labour Organisation,
  65. Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS). International Labour
  66. Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
  67. —. 1973. C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138): International Labour Office, CH-1211
  68. Geneva 22, Switzerland.
  69. —. 1999. Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 1999 (No. 182): International Labour Office, CH-
  70. Geneva 22, Switzerland.
  71. ILO & United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF). 2021. Child Labour: Global Estimates 2020, Trends
  72. and the Road Forward. New York, 2021. License: CC BY 4.0.
  73. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) and Ministry of Labour,
  74. Youth Development and Sports (MoLYDS). 2001. Child Labour in Tanzania. Country Report
  75. /2001 Integrated Labour Force and Child Labour Survey. National Bureau of Statistics,
  76. Dar es Salaam.
  77. Kadonya, C., Madihi, M. & Mtwana S. 2002. Tanzania Child Labour in the Informal Sector: A Rapid
  78. Assessment. ILO-IPEC, International Labour Office, Geneva.
  79. Land Use Consultants Ltd [LUC]. 2013. The Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment
  80. (SESA) of the Tanzanian Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project, Final
  81. Report. Bristol BS1 5RH.
  82. Mdee, O.J. 2015. Potential of Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mines for Economic Development
  83. in Tanzania. A Review. Journal of Geology and Mining Research. 7 (2): 11–18.
  84. Merket, H. 2018. Mapping Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Northwest Tanzania: A Survey
  85. on its Nature, Scope and Impact. International Peace Information Service vzw –IPIS,
  86. Mwanza, Tanzania.
  87. Metta, E., Ramadhani, A. & Geubbels. E. 2017. Pathways and Experiences of Children and
  88. Adolescents Who Engage in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining-Related Activities in
  89. Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Pact and Ifakara Health Institute.
  90. Milligan, I., Withington, R., Connelly, G. & Gale, C. 2016. Alternative Child Care and De-
  91. institutionalization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Findings of a Desk Review. Retrieved from
  92. https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/filesasset/66699664/Milligan_etal_2016_Alternative_child_
  93. c are_and_deinstitutionalisation_in_sub_saharan_africa.pdf.
  94. Mishra, D.P. 2017. Child Labour: Hazardous Work and Its Impact. Universe Journal of Education
  95. & Humanities, 4(II): 08–10.
  96. Mshiu, E.E. 2014. A New Approach for Detecting Hydrothermal Alterations Using Remote
  97. Sensing Data: A Case Study from Lake Victoria Gold Fields, Tanzania. PhD Thesis, Martin-
  98. Luther-University, Determinants of Child Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
  99. Mutagwaba, W., Tindyebwa, J. B., Makanta, V., Kaballega, D. & Maeda, G. 2018. Artisanal and
  100. Small-scale Mining in Tanzania – Evidence to inform an ‘Action Dialogue’. Research Report,
  101. IIED, London.
  102. Mwami, J. A., Sanga, A. J. & Nyoni, J. 2002. Tanzania Children Labour in Mining: A Rapid
  103. Assessment. International Labour Organisation/International Programme on the Elimination
  104. of Child Labour (IPEC), Geneva.
  105. O’Driscoll, D. 2017. Overview of Child Labour in the Artisanal and Small-scale mining sector in
  106. Asia and Africa. K4D Helpdesk Report. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
  107. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2017. Practical Actions for
  108. Companies to Identify and Address the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Mineral Supply
  109. Chains. Retrieved from http://mneguidelines.oecd.org/mining.htm.
  110. Saharia, P. 2014. Labour versus Learning: Explaining the State-Wise Variation of Child Labour
  111. in India. Theses and Dissertations--Political Science. 10. Retrieved from https://
  112. uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/10.
  113. Schoneveld, G., Chacha, M., Njau, M., Jønsson, J., Cerutti, P. O. & Weng, X. 2018. The New face
  114. of Informality in the Tanzanian Mineral Economy: Transforming Artisanal Mining. Retrieved from
  115. https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17614IIED.pdf.
  116. United Nations-Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). 2008. Promoting Mineral Clusters: The
  117. Case of Tanzania, 1958–2008. Retrieved from https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/
  118. PublicationFiles/tanzaniamineral_cluster_study2008.pdf.
  119. United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2020. National Action Plan for Artisanal and Small-scale
  120. Gold Mining. Vice President’s Office. Retrieved from https://www.vpo.go.tz/uploads/
  121. publications/en-1592551170–ASGM%20National%20 Action%20Plan_Tanzania_2020.pdf.
  122. URT/National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). 2014. Tabora Region: Basic Demographic and Socio-
  123. Economic Profile 2014, Population and Housing Census 2012. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
  124. Uphoff, N. 1986. Local Institutional Development: An Analytical Sourcebook, with Cases. West
  125. Hartford, CN, Kumarian Press.
  126. United States Department of Labour. 2016. Tanzania 2016 Findings on the Worst Forms of
  127. Child Labour. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/tanzania.htm.
  128. World Bank. 1996. Tanzania-Baseline Survey and Preparation of Development Strategy for
  129. Small-scale and Artisanal Mining Program. Retrieved from http://artisanalmining.org/
  130. Repository/01/The_CASM_Files/CASM_Database_documents/Tanzania%20–%20Artisanal%2
  131. and%20small-scale%20mining%20baseline%20– %20WorldBank%201996.pdf.
  132. World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Environmental and Occupational Health Hazards
  133. associated with Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining. Retrieved from http://www.who.int
  134. ISBN 978 92 4 151027 1.
  135. World Vision (UK). 2016. Eliminating Child Labour, Achieving Inclusive Economic Growth,
  136. Policy Paper. Retrieved from https://assets.worldvision.org.uk/files/ 2214/ 7801/ 5728/
  137. Child_labour_Economic_Growth_report_Oct_2016.pdf.
Read More
##article.author_biographies_not_available##

##submission.howToCite##

The Socio-economic Dynamics Limiting Actions to Combat Child Labour in Tanzania: The Case of Small-Scale Gold Mining Communities in Tabora Region. (2024). Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS), 13(1). https://doi.org/10.56279.13.1.2
##article.download##

##plugins.generic.recommendBySimilarity.heading##

##plugins.generic.recommendBySimilarity.advancedSearchIntro##