Exploring the Value of Cannabis and Changing Mindset for Advancing Socio-economic Development in Tanzania, 1891–2023
Corresponding Author(s) : Iddy Ramadhani Magoti
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2023)
Abstract
This paper examines the origin, cultivation, laws, values, uses and other cultural
practices connected to cannabis in Tanzania, and other parts of the world, for the
purpose of contributing to the existing debate on whether cannabis should be
legalised or illegalised in Tanzania and other parts of Africa. The data for this study
were collected from both primary and secondary sources, including published
documents, oral sources, archival documents and newspapers. Based on the
evidence collected, I argue that the values and other benefits accrued from the
cultivation and uses of cannabis outweigh the negative impacts which policy
makers capitalize on to illegalise the plant. Furthermore, considering the
economic, medicinal, social, and cultural values of cannabis, there is a need for
enlightening the public to change the attitude towards cannabis so that it can be
used to advance the country’s socio-economic development.
Keywords
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)BibTeX
- Bagenda, P. M. 2003. Tanzania. In Penetrating States and Business: Organized Crime in Southern
- Africa, Vol. 1. Monograph No. 86. Ed. Peter Gastrow. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies,
- pp. 75–93.
- BBC. 2019. Swahili News 26th May 2019, accessed 25th December 2020 at https:
- //www.bbc.com/swahili/michezo-48412806.
- BBC. 2018. Swahili News 21st June 2018, accessed 25th December 2020 at https:
- //www.bbc.com/swahili/habari -44558610.
- Borodovsky, J.T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D. and Budney, A. J. 2016. Smoking,
- Vaping, Eating: Is Legalization Impacting the way people use Cannabis? International Journal
- of Drug Policy 36: 141–147.
- Borougerdi, B. J. 2018. Commodifying Cannabis: A Cultural History of a Complex Plant in the Atlantic
- World. New York: Lexington books.
- Business Times, 23rd May 2008.
- Business Times, 28th December 2008.
- Daily News, 28th January 2021.
- Duvall, C. S. 2019. A Brief Agricultural History of Cannabis in Africa from Prehistory to Canna-
- Colony. EchoGeo 48: 1– 25.
- Gastrow, P. 2003. Mind–Blowing: The Cannabis Trade in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Institute
- for Security Studies.
- Gastrow, P. (ed). 2003. Penetrating States and Business: Organized Crime in Southern Africa, Vol. 1.
- Monograph No. 86. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
- Giroud, C., De Cesare, M., Berthet, A., Varlet, V., Concha-Lazano, N. and Favrat, B. 2015. E-
- Cigarettes: A Review of the New Trends in Cannabis Use. International Journal of
- Environmental Research and Public Health 12: 9988 -10008.
- Habari Leo, 4th February 2020.
- Kalant, H. 2001. Medical Use of Cannabis: History and Current Status. Pain Res Manage 6 (2):
- –91.
- Kalula, A. T. 2011. Cannabis Use Among Young People in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Qualitative
- Study. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies. 10(1).
- Kasala, K. M. 1989. Madawa ya Kulevya na Athari Zake. Dar es Salaam: Heko Publishers.
- Kilonzo, G. P. and Maselle, A. Y. 1986. Substance Misuse in Tanzania. Tanzania Medical Journal. 3
- (1): 21–22.
- Kotlaja, M. M. and Carson, J. V. 2018. Cannabis Prevalence and National Drug Policy in 27
- Countries: An Analysis of Adolescent Substance Use. International Journal of Offender Therapy
- and Comparative Criminology. 1–18.
- Lubogo, I. C. 2022. A Legal Appraisal of ‘Njaga’ Cannabis and Associated Medicinal Herbs in
- Uganda: A Discourse to Decriminalize and Delegalize. Kampala: Jescho Publishing House.
- Madrass, B. K. 2015. “Cannabis and its Medical Use”, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
- (ECDD), Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization,
- th ECDD, Agenda Item 6.2.
- Majira, 15th November 2006.
- Mhando, . B., Sahini, M. G., and Makangara, J. J. 2023. Chemical Profiling of Cannabis Sativa from
- eleven Tanzanian Regions. Heliyon 9.
- Mtanzania, 7th March 2017.
- Mtanzania, 10th February 2020.
- Mwafrika-Tanganyika, 21st March 1964.
- Mwananchi, 25th January 2021.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 2021. “Marijuana”, Accessed 20th January 2021 at
- https: //www.drugabuse.gov.
- Nipashe, 5th May 2019.
- Ngurumo, 13th July 1972.
- Perkel, C. 2005. Cannabis –The Debate Continues: A South African Perspective. South African
- Psychiatry Review. 8.
- Ramadhani, I. 2007. Ethnic Conflicts in Tarime District from Late Pre-colonial Period to the
- Present. Unpublished M.A Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Rockel, S. J. 2006. Carriers of Culture: Labour on the Road in Nineteenth Century East Africa.
- Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Stogner, J. M. and Miller, B. L. 2015. Assessing the Danger of ‘Dabbing’: Mere Marijuana or Harmful
- New Trends? Pediatrics 136 (1): 1–5.
- Tanzania National Archives (TNA), ACC. No. 660, File No. FAC/H.10/2C - Single Convention
- Narcotic Drug, 1961–1997.
- TNA, 20529–Opium and other Dangerous Drugs: Annual Statistics Required by Central Opium
- Board, 1932–1939.
- TNA, 10768/Vol. XIII–Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1948–1953.
- TNA, 22976–Dangerous Drugs–Internal Control Rules, 1935–1936.
- TNA, 10768/Vol. XI–Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1947–1948.
- TNA, 23431/VOL. II–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and Other
- Dangerous Drugs, 1939–1949.
- TNA, 23431/VOL. I–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and Other
- Dangerous Drugs, 1936–1939.
- TNA, 23431/VOL. III–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and Other
- Dangerous Drugs, 1950–1952.
- TNA, 23431/VOL. IV–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and other
- Dangerous Drugs, 1953.
- The East African, 17th–23rd October 2020.
- The United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2002. The Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs
- Act. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer.
- URT. 2019. The Drugs Control and Enforcement Act. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer.
- URT. 1972. The Hansard 12th–24th July 1972.
- URT. 2020. The Hansard 3rd February 2020.
- URT.2021. Taarifa ya Hali ya Dawa za Kulevya ya mwaka 2020/2021. Dar es Salaam: DCEA.
- Thisday, 8th November 2006.
- Tosh, P. (n.d). “Legalize it”, accessed 10th July 2020 at https: //www.youtube.com/ watch?
- v=j6QkVTx2d88.
- United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC). 2007. Cannabis in Africa: An Overview.
- UNODC. 2020. In Focus Cannabis Legalization: World Drug Report 2020.
- WHO.2020. “UN Commission Re-classifies Cannabis”, accessed 15th October 2023 at http:
- //www.who.int/news/item/04–12–2020–Un-commission-on-narcotic-drugs-reclassifies-
- cannabis.
References
Bagenda, P. M. 2003. Tanzania. In Penetrating States and Business: Organized Crime in Southern
Africa, Vol. 1. Monograph No. 86. Ed. Peter Gastrow. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies,
pp. 75–93.
BBC. 2019. Swahili News 26th May 2019, accessed 25th December 2020 at https:
//www.bbc.com/swahili/michezo-48412806.
BBC. 2018. Swahili News 21st June 2018, accessed 25th December 2020 at https:
//www.bbc.com/swahili/habari -44558610.
Borodovsky, J.T., Crosier, B. S., Lee, D. C., Sargent, J. D. and Budney, A. J. 2016. Smoking,
Vaping, Eating: Is Legalization Impacting the way people use Cannabis? International Journal
of Drug Policy 36: 141–147.
Borougerdi, B. J. 2018. Commodifying Cannabis: A Cultural History of a Complex Plant in the Atlantic
World. New York: Lexington books.
Business Times, 23rd May 2008.
Business Times, 28th December 2008.
Daily News, 28th January 2021.
Duvall, C. S. 2019. A Brief Agricultural History of Cannabis in Africa from Prehistory to Canna-
Colony. EchoGeo 48: 1– 25.
Gastrow, P. 2003. Mind–Blowing: The Cannabis Trade in Southern Africa. Cape Town: Institute
for Security Studies.
Gastrow, P. (ed). 2003. Penetrating States and Business: Organized Crime in Southern Africa, Vol. 1.
Monograph No. 86. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Giroud, C., De Cesare, M., Berthet, A., Varlet, V., Concha-Lazano, N. and Favrat, B. 2015. E-
Cigarettes: A Review of the New Trends in Cannabis Use. International Journal of
Environmental Research and Public Health 12: 9988 -10008.
Habari Leo, 4th February 2020.
Kalant, H. 2001. Medical Use of Cannabis: History and Current Status. Pain Res Manage 6 (2):
–91.
Kalula, A. T. 2011. Cannabis Use Among Young People in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: A Qualitative
Study. African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies. 10(1).
Kasala, K. M. 1989. Madawa ya Kulevya na Athari Zake. Dar es Salaam: Heko Publishers.
Kilonzo, G. P. and Maselle, A. Y. 1986. Substance Misuse in Tanzania. Tanzania Medical Journal. 3
(1): 21–22.
Kotlaja, M. M. and Carson, J. V. 2018. Cannabis Prevalence and National Drug Policy in 27
Countries: An Analysis of Adolescent Substance Use. International Journal of Offender Therapy
and Comparative Criminology. 1–18.
Lubogo, I. C. 2022. A Legal Appraisal of ‘Njaga’ Cannabis and Associated Medicinal Herbs in
Uganda: A Discourse to Decriminalize and Delegalize. Kampala: Jescho Publishing House.
Madrass, B. K. 2015. “Cannabis and its Medical Use”, Expert Committee on Drug Dependence
(ECDD), Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization,
th ECDD, Agenda Item 6.2.
Majira, 15th November 2006.
Mhando, . B., Sahini, M. G., and Makangara, J. J. 2023. Chemical Profiling of Cannabis Sativa from
eleven Tanzanian Regions. Heliyon 9.
Mtanzania, 7th March 2017.
Mtanzania, 10th February 2020.
Mwafrika-Tanganyika, 21st March 1964.
Mwananchi, 25th January 2021.
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 2021. “Marijuana”, Accessed 20th January 2021 at
https: //www.drugabuse.gov.
Nipashe, 5th May 2019.
Ngurumo, 13th July 1972.
Perkel, C. 2005. Cannabis –The Debate Continues: A South African Perspective. South African
Psychiatry Review. 8.
Ramadhani, I. 2007. Ethnic Conflicts in Tarime District from Late Pre-colonial Period to the
Present. Unpublished M.A Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.
Rockel, S. J. 2006. Carriers of Culture: Labour on the Road in Nineteenth Century East Africa.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Stogner, J. M. and Miller, B. L. 2015. Assessing the Danger of ‘Dabbing’: Mere Marijuana or Harmful
New Trends? Pediatrics 136 (1): 1–5.
Tanzania National Archives (TNA), ACC. No. 660, File No. FAC/H.10/2C - Single Convention
Narcotic Drug, 1961–1997.
TNA, 20529–Opium and other Dangerous Drugs: Annual Statistics Required by Central Opium
Board, 1932–1939.
TNA, 10768/Vol. XIII–Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1948–1953.
TNA, 22976–Dangerous Drugs–Internal Control Rules, 1935–1936.
TNA, 10768/Vol. XI–Opium and other Dangerous Drugs, 1947–1948.
TNA, 23431/VOL. II–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and Other
Dangerous Drugs, 1939–1949.
TNA, 23431/VOL. I–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and Other
Dangerous Drugs, 1936–1939.
TNA, 23431/VOL. III–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and Other
Dangerous Drugs, 1950–1952.
TNA, 23431/VOL. IV–Annual Report to the League of Nations on the Traffic in Opium and other
Dangerous Drugs, 1953.
The East African, 17th–23rd October 2020.
The United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2002. The Drugs and Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Drugs
Act. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer.
URT. 2019. The Drugs Control and Enforcement Act. Dar es Salaam: Government Printer.
URT. 1972. The Hansard 12th–24th July 1972.
URT. 2020. The Hansard 3rd February 2020.
URT.2021. Taarifa ya Hali ya Dawa za Kulevya ya mwaka 2020/2021. Dar es Salaam: DCEA.
Thisday, 8th November 2006.
Tosh, P. (n.d). “Legalize it”, accessed 10th July 2020 at https: //www.youtube.com/ watch?
v=j6QkVTx2d88.
United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC). 2007. Cannabis in Africa: An Overview.
UNODC. 2020. In Focus Cannabis Legalization: World Drug Report 2020.
WHO.2020. “UN Commission Re-classifies Cannabis”, accessed 15th October 2023 at http:
//www.who.int/news/item/04–12–2020–Un-commission-on-narcotic-drugs-reclassifies-
cannabis.