Women’s Attitudes Towards Wife-beating in Tanzania: Evidence from the 2015/16 National Demographic and Health Survey
Corresponding Author(s) : Magashi Joseph
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 9 No. 1 (2020)
Abstract
Approval of wife-beating implies a continuous women victimisation which affects their
health, wellbeing, and their involvement in productive activities in the economy. The study
intends to investigate socioeconomic determinants of approval of wife-beating in
Tanzania. The analysis uses cross-sectional data of a representative sample of 5,889
married women from the 2015/16 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey. Result shows
that about 60% of married women approve wife-beating from their partners/husbands in
Tanzania. Further, multivariate logistic regression estimates reveal that approval of wifebeating is negatively associated with women involvement in decision-making, household
economic status, women’s and partner’s education, and women media access. On the
other hand, partner’s or husband’s drinking of alcohol is positively associated with
approval of wife-beating. These findings provide several policy implications towards
reversing the chronic acceptance of wife-beating attitudes in Tanzania. Foremost, there is
a need for women to be empowered through access to media, education, and employment
as it decreases the likelihood of the attitude of accepting wife-beating. Further, women
economic empowerment must be embraced to inculcate gender balance, and lastly a
combination of awareness raising and strict application of laws against wife-beating need
to be instituted to redress the problem in Tanzania.
Keywords
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- Akmatov, M. K., R. T. Mikolajczyk, S. Labeeb, E. Dhaher & K. M. Mobarak. 2008. Factors Associated
- With Wife-Beating in Egypt: Analysis of Two Surveys (1995 and 2005). BMC Women’s Health,
- (15): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-8-15.
- Amir-Ud-Din, R., S. Fatima & S. Aziz. 2018. Is Attitudinal Acceptance of Violence a Risk Factor? An
- Analysis of Domestic Violence Against Women in Pakistan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–28.
- https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518787809.
- Begum, S., B. Donta, S. Nair & C. P. Prakasam. 2015. Socio-Demographic Factors Associated With
- Domestic Violence in Urban Slums, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Indian Journal of Medical
- Research, 141(June): 783–788. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.160701.
- Blood, R. O. & D. M. Wolfe. 1960. Husband and Wives: The Dynamics of Married Living. Glencoe, IL:
- Free Press.
- Bustreo, F. 2015. Promoting Health Through the Life-Course. https://www.who.int/life-course/news/
- commentaries/2015-intl-womens-day/en/.
- Campbell, J. C. 2002. Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. Lancet, 359(9314): 1331–
- https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8.
- Campbell, J. C. & J. Manganello. 2006. Changing Public Attitudes As a Prevention Strategy to Reduce
- Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 13(3–4): 13–39.
- https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v13n03.
- Dhaher, E. A., R. T. Mikolajczyk, A. E. Maxwell & A. Krämer. 2010. Attitudes Toward Wife-Beating
- Among Palestinian Women of Reproductive Age from Three Cities in West Bank. Journal of
- Interpersonal Violence, 25(3): 518–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334409.
- Filmer, D. & L. Pritchett. 2011. Estimating Wealth Effects Without Expenditure Data-Or Tears : An
- Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India. Demography, 38(1): 115–132.
- https://doi.org/10.1353/Dem.2001.0003.
- García-Moreno, C., H. A. F. Jansen, M. Ellsberg, L. L. Heise & C. H. Watts. 2005. WHO Multi-Country
- Study On Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results On Prevalence, Health
- Outcomes and Women’s Responses.
- Garcia-Moreno, C., H. A. F. Jansen, M. Ellsberg, L. Heise & C. H. Watts. 2006. Prevalence of Intimate
- Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study On Women’s Health and
- Domestic Violence. The Lancet, 368(9543): 1260–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
- (06)69523-8.
- Garcia-Moreno, C. & C. Watts. 2011. Violence Against Women: An Urgent Public Health Priority.
- Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(2): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.2471/Blt.10.085217.
- Global Volunteers. 2020. The Global Role of Women-Caretakers, Conscience, Farmers,Educators and
- Entrepreneurs. Https://Globalvolunteers.Org/Global-Role-Of-Women/.
- Grose, R. G. & S. Grabe. 2014. The Explanatory Role of Relationship Power and Control in Domestic
- Violence Against Women in Nicaragua: A Feminist Psychology Analysis. Violence Against Women.
- (8): 972–993. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214546231.
- Gurmu, E. & S. Endale. 2017. Wife-Beating Refusal Among Women of Reproductive Age in Urban
- and Rural Ethiopia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 17(6). https://doi.org/ 10.1186/
- S12914-017-0115-5.
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- Their Patriarchal Ideology. Journal of Family Violence, 18(4). 193–206. https://doi.org/
- 1023/A:1024012229984.
- Halim, N., E. Steven, N. Reich, L. Badi & L. Messersmith. 2018. Variability and Validity of Intimate
- Partner Violence Reporting By Couples in Tanzania. Plos ONE, 13(3): 1–18. https:// doi.
- org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0193253.
- Heath, R. & S. Jayachandran. 2018. The Causes and Consequences of Increased Female Education
- and Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries. in S. L. Averett, L. M. Argys & S. D.
- Hoffman (eds.), the Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy (Issue November, pp. 345–367).
- https://doi.org/10.1093/Oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.10.
- Hindin, M. J. 2003. Understanding Women’s Attitudes Towards Wife-Beating in Zimbabwe. Bulletin
- of the World Health Organization, 81(7): 501–508.
- Islam, M. J., M. Rahman, L. Broidy, S. E. Haque, Y. M. Saw, N. H. C. Duc … M. G. Mostofa. 2017.
- Assessing the Link Between Witnessing Inter-Parental Violence and the Perpetration of Intimate
- Partner Violence in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 17(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/S12889-
- -4067-4.
- Jesmin, S. S. 2015. Married Women’s Justification of Intimate Partner Violence in Bangladesh:
- Examining Community Norm and Individual-Level Risk Factors. Violence and Victims, 30(6): 984–
- https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00066.
- Jesmin, S. S. 2017. Social Determinants of Married Women’s Attitudinal Acceptance of Intimate
- Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(21): 3226–3244. https://doi.org/10.1177/
- Jesmin, S. S., S. Chaudhuri & S. Abdullah. 2013. Educating Women for HIV Prevention: Does
- Exposure to Mass Media Make Them More Knowledgeable? Health Care for Women International,
- (3–4): 303–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.736571.
- Jewkes, R. 2002. Intimate Partner Violence : Causes and Prevention. The Lancet, 359(9315): 1423–
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- South African Cross-Sectional Study. Social Science and Medicine, 55(9): 1603–1617. https://
- doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00294-5.
- Kapiga, S., S. Harvey, A. K. Muhammad, H. Stöckl, G. Mshana, R. Hashim … & C. Watts. 2017.
- Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse and Associated Factors Among Women
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References
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With Wife-Beating in Egypt: Analysis of Two Surveys (1995 and 2005). BMC Women’s Health,
(15): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-8-15.
Amir-Ud-Din, R., S. Fatima & S. Aziz. 2018. Is Attitudinal Acceptance of Violence a Risk Factor? An
Analysis of Domestic Violence Against Women in Pakistan. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518787809.
Begum, S., B. Donta, S. Nair & C. P. Prakasam. 2015. Socio-Demographic Factors Associated With
Domestic Violence in Urban Slums, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Indian Journal of Medical
Research, 141(June): 783–788. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.160701.
Blood, R. O. & D. M. Wolfe. 1960. Husband and Wives: The Dynamics of Married Living. Glencoe, IL:
Free Press.
Bustreo, F. 2015. Promoting Health Through the Life-Course. https://www.who.int/life-course/news/
commentaries/2015-intl-womens-day/en/.
Campbell, J. C. 2002. Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. Lancet, 359(9314): 1331–
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08336-8.
Campbell, J. C. & J. Manganello. 2006. Changing Public Attitudes As a Prevention Strategy to Reduce
Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 13(3–4): 13–39.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J146v13n03.
Dhaher, E. A., R. T. Mikolajczyk, A. E. Maxwell & A. Krämer. 2010. Attitudes Toward Wife-Beating
Among Palestinian Women of Reproductive Age from Three Cities in West Bank. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 25(3): 518–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334409.
Filmer, D. & L. Pritchett. 2011. Estimating Wealth Effects Without Expenditure Data-Or Tears : An
Application to Educational Enrollments in States of India. Demography, 38(1): 115–132.
https://doi.org/10.1353/Dem.2001.0003.
García-Moreno, C., H. A. F. Jansen, M. Ellsberg, L. L. Heise & C. H. Watts. 2005. WHO Multi-Country
Study On Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results On Prevalence, Health
Outcomes and Women’s Responses.
Garcia-Moreno, C., H. A. F. Jansen, M. Ellsberg, L. Heise & C. H. Watts. 2006. Prevalence of Intimate
Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study On Women’s Health and
Domestic Violence. The Lancet, 368(9543): 1260–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
(06)69523-8.
Garcia-Moreno, C. & C. Watts. 2011. Violence Against Women: An Urgent Public Health Priority.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89(2): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.2471/Blt.10.085217.
Global Volunteers. 2020. The Global Role of Women-Caretakers, Conscience, Farmers,Educators and
Entrepreneurs. Https://Globalvolunteers.Org/Global-Role-Of-Women/.
Grose, R. G. & S. Grabe. 2014. The Explanatory Role of Relationship Power and Control in Domestic
Violence Against Women in Nicaragua: A Feminist Psychology Analysis. Violence Against Women.
(8): 972–993. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214546231.
Gurmu, E. & S. Endale. 2017. Wife-Beating Refusal Among Women of Reproductive Age in Urban
and Rural Ethiopia. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 17(6). https://doi.org/ 10.1186/
S12914-017-0115-5.
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Their Patriarchal Ideology. Journal of Family Violence, 18(4). 193–206. https://doi.org/
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Partner Violence Reporting By Couples in Tanzania. Plos ONE, 13(3): 1–18. https:// doi.
org/10.1371/Journal.Pone.0193253.
Heath, R. & S. Jayachandran. 2018. The Causes and Consequences of Increased Female Education
and Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries. in S. L. Averett, L. M. Argys & S. D.
Hoffman (eds.), the Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy (Issue November, pp. 345–367).
https://doi.org/10.1093/Oxfordhb/9780190628963.013.10.
Hindin, M. J. 2003. Understanding Women’s Attitudes Towards Wife-Beating in Zimbabwe. Bulletin
of the World Health Organization, 81(7): 501–508.
Islam, M. J., M. Rahman, L. Broidy, S. E. Haque, Y. M. Saw, N. H. C. Duc … M. G. Mostofa. 2017.
Assessing the Link Between Witnessing Inter-Parental Violence and the Perpetration of Intimate
Partner Violence in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 17(1): 1–10. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/S12889-
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Jesmin, S. S. 2015. Married Women’s Justification of Intimate Partner Violence in Bangladesh:
Examining Community Norm and Individual-Level Risk Factors. Violence and Victims, 30(6): 984–
https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00066.
Jesmin, S. S. 2017. Social Determinants of Married Women’s Attitudinal Acceptance of Intimate
Partner Violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(21): 3226–3244. https://doi.org/10.1177/
Jesmin, S. S., S. Chaudhuri & S. Abdullah. 2013. Educating Women for HIV Prevention: Does
Exposure to Mass Media Make Them More Knowledgeable? Health Care for Women International,
(3–4): 303–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.736571.
Jewkes, R. 2002. Intimate Partner Violence : Causes and Prevention. The Lancet, 359(9315): 1423–
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08357-5.
Jewkes, R., J. Levin & L. Penn-Kekana. 2002. Risk Factors for Domestic Violence: Findings from a
South African Cross-Sectional Study. Social Science and Medicine, 55(9): 1603–1617. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00294-5.
Kapiga, S., S. Harvey, A. K. Muhammad, H. Stöckl, G. Mshana, R. Hashim … & C. Watts. 2017.
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse and Associated Factors Among Women
Enrolled Into a Cluster Randomised Trial in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 17(190):
–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-017-4119-9.
Kazaura, M. R., M. J. Ezekiel & Chitama, D. 2016. Magnitude and Factors Associated With Intimate
Partner Violence in Mainland Tanzania. BMC Public Health, 16(494): 1–7.
https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-016-3161-3.
Khawaja, M., N. Linos & Z. El-Roueiheb. 2008. Attitudes of Men and Women Towards Wife-Beating:
Findings from Palestinian Refugee Camps in Jordan. Journal of Family Violence, 23, 211–218.
https://doi.org/10.1007/S10896-007-9146-3.
Kinyondo, A. A. & J. Magashi. 2019. The Impact of Cash Transfers On Women’s Empowerment: The
Case of the Tanzania Social Action Fund. Poverty & Public Policy, 11(3): 178–204.
https://doi.org/10.1002/Pop4.256.
Kishor, S. & K. Johnson. 2004. Profiling Domestic Violence: A Multi-Country Study.
Kizilgol, O. A. & E. Ipek. 2018. An Analysis On Domestic Violence Against Women in Turkey:
Multinomial Logit Model. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3): 715–733.
https://doi.org/10.20409/Berj.2018.133.
Koenig, M. A., T. Lutalo, F. Zhao, F. Nalugoda, F. Wabwire-Mangen, N. Kiwanuka … & R. Gray. 2003.
Domestic Violence in Rural Uganda: Evidence from a Community-Based Study. Bulletin of the
World Health Organization, 81(1): 53–60.
Koenig, M. A., R. Stephenson, S. Ahmed, S. J. Jejeebhoy & J. Campbell. 2006. Individual and
Contextual Determinants of Domestic Violence in North India. American Journal of Public Health,
(1): 132–138. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.050872.
Krishnan, S., D. Vohra, D. De Walque, C. Medlin, R. Nathan & W. H. Dow. 2012. Tanzanian Couples’
Perspectives On Gender Equity, Relationship Power, and Intimate Partner Violence: Findings
from the Respect Study. AIDS Research and Treatment. 2012. https://doi.org/
1155/2012/187890.
Krug, E. G., L. L. Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi & R. Lozano. 2002. World Report On Violence and
Health.
Laisser, R. M., L. Nyström, H. I. Lugina & M. Emmelin. 2011. Community Perceptions of Intimate
Partner Violence-A Qualitative Study from Urban Tanzania. BMC Women’s Health, 11(13).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-11-13.
Levinson, D. 1988. Family Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective. in V. B. Van Hasset, R. L. Morrison,
A. S. Bellack & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of Family Violence (New York, pp. 435–455). Plenum
Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5360-8.
Linos, N., M. Khawaja & M. Al-Nsour. 2010. Women’s Autonomy and Support for Wife-Beating:
Findings from a Population-Based Survey in Jordan. Violence and Victims, 25(3): 409–418.
https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.3.409.
Mccloskey, L. A., F. Boonzaier, S. Y. Steinbrenner & T. Hunter. 2016. Determinants of Intimate
Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Prevention and Intervention Programs.
Partner Abuse, 7(3): 277–315. https://doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.7.3.277.
Mcphail, B. A., N. B. Busch, S. Kulkarni & G. Rice. 2007. An Integrative Feminist Model: The Evolving
Feminist Perspective On Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women, 13(8): 817–841.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801207302039.
Meinhart, M., I. Seff, G. L. Darmstadt, A. M. Weber & L. Stark. 2020. Attitudinal Acceptance of
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