Learning Technology by Design: Experiences from In-service Science and Mathematics Teachers in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Ayoub Cherd Kafyulilo, PhD
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 8 No. 1 (2019)
Abstract
This study explored the effectiveness of learning technology by design in the
development of in-service science teachers’ competencies of integrating technology in
science and mathematics teaching in Tanzania. The learning of technology by design
involved a workshop, collaborative design of technology-integrated lessons and
classroom teaching. A total of 26 science and mathematics teachers from two selected
secondary schools (13 from each) participated in the design of technology-integrated
lessons. The study involved pre- and post-intervention assessment of teachers’
technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), which was done through selfassessment questions and an observation guide. For the post-intervention assessment,
one-to-one interviews were administered to gain an understanding of teachers’
experience with the new learning approach. Findings showed that teachers’
competencies and confidence of integrating technology in the teaching of science and
mathematics was enhanced. These findings lead to a conclusion that teachers’
collaboration to design a technology-integrated lesson and teach it in the classroom is
an effective approach for teachers’ professional development.
Keywords:, , , ,
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- Agyei, D. 2012. Preparation of Pre-Service Teachers in Ghana to Integrate Information and Communication
- Technology in Teaching Mathematics. Doctoral dissertation, Enschede: University of Twente.
- Alayyar, G. 2011. Developing Pre-Service Teacher Competencies for ICT Integration Through Design Teams.
- Doctoral Dissertation, Enschede: University of Twente. Alayyar, G., P. Fisser & J. Voogt. 2012. Developing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge
- in Pre-Service Science Teachers: Support from Blended Learning. Australasian Journal of
- Education Technology, 28(8): 1298–1316.
- Bakah, M. A. 2011. Teacher Professional Development Through Collaborative Curriculum Design in
- Ghana’s Polytechnics. Doctoral dissertation, Enschede: University of Twente.
- Beauchamp, G. & J. Parkinson. 2008. Pupils’ Attitudes Towards School Science as they Transfer from
- an ICT-Rich Primary School to a Secondary School with Fewer ICT Resources: Does ICT Matter?
- Education Information Technology, 13: 103–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-007-9053-5.
- Collis, B. & J. Moonen. 2001. Second Printing 2002. Flexible Learning in a Digital World: Experiences
- and Expectations. London: Kogan Page.
- Cox, M., C. Preston & K. Cox. 2099, September. What Motivates Teachers to Use ICT? Paper
- presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference. London, UK.
- Ezeife, A. N. 2003. Using the Environment in Mathematics and Science Teaching: An African and
- Aboriginal Perspective. International Review of Education, 49(3–4): 319–342. http:// dx. doi.org/
- 1023/a:1025307404154.
- Flick, L. & R. Bell. 2000. Preparing Tomorrow’s Science Teachers to Use Technology: Guidelines for
- Science Educators. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 1(1); 39–60.
- Fonseca, J. S. & J. E. Conboy. 2006. Secondary Student Perceptions of Factors Effecting Failure in
- Science in Portugal. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2(2): 82–95.
- Gaible, E. & M. Burns. 2005. Using Technology to Train Teachers: Appropriate Uses of ICT in Teacher
- Professional Development in Developing Countries. Washington DC: Infodev/World Bank.
- Graham, C.R., N. Burgoyne, P. Cantrell, L. Smith, L. Clair & R. Harris. 2009. TPACK Development in
- Science Teaching: Measuring the TPACK Confidence of Inservice Science Teachers. Techtrends,
- (5), 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-009-0328-0.
- Handelzalts, A. 2009. Collaborative Curriculum Development in Teacher Design Team. Doctoral
- Dissertation. Enschede: University of Twente.
- Harris, J., N. Grandgenett & M. Hofer. 2010. Testing a TPACK-Based Technology Integration
- Assessment Rubric. http://ncsuced1to1.wikispaces.com/file/view/harris10.pdf.
- Kabunga, A., H. Mohamed & C. Mnjokava. 2016. Learners' Attitudes and Performance in Science
- Subjects in A-Level in Secondary Schools, in Mbarara, Uganda. The Journal of Educational
- Research, 2(5): 10–25.
- Kafyulilo, A. C. 2011. Developing Teachers’ Competencies on ICT Use in Science and Mathematics
- Teaching: An Analysis of ICT Integration in Education. Journal of The Teofilo Kisanji University,
- (2): 77–103.
- —. 2010. The Practical Use of ICT in Science and Mathematics Teachers Training at DUCE: An Analysis of
- Prospective Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Master dissertation, Enschede:
- University of Twente.
- Kafyulilo, A. C., P. Fisser & J. Voogt. 2012. Transforming Classroom Practices Through Teachers
- Learning of TPACK: The Case of In-Service Teachers at Kibasila Secondary School in Tanzania.
- In P. Resta (ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International
- Conference (pp. 2861–2869). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. —. 2011. ICT Use in Science and Mathematics Teachers Preparation: Developing Pre-Service
- Teachers’ TPACK. Paper presented at the E-Learning Africa Conference 25th
- – 27th May. 2011,
- Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
- —. 2015. Supporting Teachers Learning Through the Collaborative Design of Technology-Enhanced
- Science Lessons. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 26: 673–694.
- —. 2016. Factors Affecting Teachers’ Continuation of Technology Use in Teaching. Education and
- Information Technology, 21, (1535–1554).
- Keong, C., S. Horani & J. Daniel. 2005. A Study on The Use of ICT in Mathematics Teaching. Malaysian
- Online Journal of Instructional Technology, 2(3): 43–51.
- Kirscher, P., T. Wubbrls & M. Brekelmans. 2008. Benchmarks for Teacher Education Programs in
- The Pedagogical Use of ICT. In J. Voogt & G. Knezek. (Eds), International Handbook of Information
- and Technology in Primary and Secondary Education. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/
- 1007/978-0-387-73315-9_26.
- Kitta, S. 2004. Enhancing Mathematics Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Skills in
- Tanzania. Doctoral dissertation, Enschede, University of Twente.
- Koehler, M. & P. Mishra. 2009. What Is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge?
- Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1): 60–70.
- Koehler, M. & P. Mishra. 2005. What Happens When Teachers Design Educational Technology? The
- Development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Journal of Educational
- Computing Research, 32(2), 131–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0ew7-01wb-bkhl-qdyv.
- Koehler, M.J., P. Mishra & K. Yahya. 2007. Tracing the Development of Teacher Knowledge in a
- Design Seminar: Integrating Content, Pedagogy & Technology. Computers and Education, 49(3),
- –762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.012.
- Lombard, M., J. Snyder-Duch & C.C. Bracken. 2002. Content Analysis in Mass Communication
- Research: An Assessment and Reporting of Inter-Coder Reliability. Human Communication
- Research, (28): 587–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x.
- Luppicini, R. 2005. A Systems Definition of Educational Technology in Society. Educational
- Technology & Society, 8(3): 103–109.
- Martin, M. O., I.S. Mullis, P. Foy, F. Olson, E. C. Preuscho & E. Alka & J. Galia. 2008. TIMSS 2007
- International Mathematics Report: Findings from IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and
- Science Study at The Fourth and Eighth Grades. Boston: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
- Mbaki, L., M.J. Migosi & J.M. Muola. 2013. Determinants of Girls’ Performance in Science,
- Mathematics and Technology Subjects in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. International
- Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 5(3): 33–42.
- Niess, M. L., R. N. Ronau, K. G. Shafer, S. O. Driskell, S. R. Harper, C. Johnston, C. Browning, S. A.
- Özgün-Koca & G. Kersaint. 2009. Mathematics Teacher TPACK Standards and Development
- Model. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1): 4–24.
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2009. CERI – ICT and Initial
- Teachers Training. Retrieved on 23rd March 2010 from http://www.oecd.org/document/ 13/
- ,3343,en_2649_35845581_41676365_1_1_1_1,00.html.
- Schmidt, D., E. Baran, A. Thompson, M.J. Koehler, P. Mishra & T. Shin. 2009, March. Examining PreService Teachers’ Development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in An Introductory Instructional Technology Course. Paper presented at the 2009 International
- Conference of the Society for the Information and Technology & Teacher Education.
- Charleston: South Carolina.
- Simmie, G. M. 2007. Teacher Design Teams (TDTS): Building Capacity for Innovation, Learning and
- Curriculum Implementation in The Continuing Professional Development of In-Career
- Teachers. Irish Educational Studies, 26(2): 163–176. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/ 0332331070
- Tilya, F. 2003. Teacher Support for the Use of MBL in Activity-Based Physics Teaching in Tanzania.
- Doctoral dissertation. Enschede: University of Twente.
- Voogt, J. 2003. Consequences of ICT for Aims, Contents, Processes, and Environments of Learning.
- In J. Van Den Akker, W. Kuiper & U. Hameyer (eds.) Curriculum Landscapes and Trends (pp. 217–
- . Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Voogt, J., H. Westbroek, A. Handelzalts, A., Walraven, S. Mckenney, J. Pieters & B. De Vries. 2011.
- Teacher Learning in Collaborative Curriculum Design. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(8):
- –1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.07.003.
- Yin, R. K. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
- Yuen, A. & Ma, W. 2002. Gender Differences in Teacher Computer Acceptance. Journal of Technology
- and Teacher Education, 10(3): 123–149.
References
Agyei, D. 2012. Preparation of Pre-Service Teachers in Ghana to Integrate Information and Communication
Technology in Teaching Mathematics. Doctoral dissertation, Enschede: University of Twente.
Alayyar, G. 2011. Developing Pre-Service Teacher Competencies for ICT Integration Through Design Teams.
Doctoral Dissertation, Enschede: University of Twente. Alayyar, G., P. Fisser & J. Voogt. 2012. Developing Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge
in Pre-Service Science Teachers: Support from Blended Learning. Australasian Journal of
Education Technology, 28(8): 1298–1316.
Bakah, M. A. 2011. Teacher Professional Development Through Collaborative Curriculum Design in
Ghana’s Polytechnics. Doctoral dissertation, Enschede: University of Twente.
Beauchamp, G. & J. Parkinson. 2008. Pupils’ Attitudes Towards School Science as they Transfer from
an ICT-Rich Primary School to a Secondary School with Fewer ICT Resources: Does ICT Matter?
Education Information Technology, 13: 103–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10639-007-9053-5.
Collis, B. & J. Moonen. 2001. Second Printing 2002. Flexible Learning in a Digital World: Experiences
and Expectations. London: Kogan Page.
Cox, M., C. Preston & K. Cox. 2099, September. What Motivates Teachers to Use ICT? Paper
presented at the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference. London, UK.
Ezeife, A. N. 2003. Using the Environment in Mathematics and Science Teaching: An African and
Aboriginal Perspective. International Review of Education, 49(3–4): 319–342. http:// dx. doi.org/
1023/a:1025307404154.
Flick, L. & R. Bell. 2000. Preparing Tomorrow’s Science Teachers to Use Technology: Guidelines for
Science Educators. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 1(1); 39–60.
Fonseca, J. S. & J. E. Conboy. 2006. Secondary Student Perceptions of Factors Effecting Failure in
Science in Portugal. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2(2): 82–95.
Gaible, E. & M. Burns. 2005. Using Technology to Train Teachers: Appropriate Uses of ICT in Teacher
Professional Development in Developing Countries. Washington DC: Infodev/World Bank.
Graham, C.R., N. Burgoyne, P. Cantrell, L. Smith, L. Clair & R. Harris. 2009. TPACK Development in
Science Teaching: Measuring the TPACK Confidence of Inservice Science Teachers. Techtrends,
(5), 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11528-009-0328-0.
Handelzalts, A. 2009. Collaborative Curriculum Development in Teacher Design Team. Doctoral
Dissertation. Enschede: University of Twente.
Harris, J., N. Grandgenett & M. Hofer. 2010. Testing a TPACK-Based Technology Integration
Assessment Rubric. http://ncsuced1to1.wikispaces.com/file/view/harris10.pdf.
Kabunga, A., H. Mohamed & C. Mnjokava. 2016. Learners' Attitudes and Performance in Science
Subjects in A-Level in Secondary Schools, in Mbarara, Uganda. The Journal of Educational
Research, 2(5): 10–25.
Kafyulilo, A. C. 2011. Developing Teachers’ Competencies on ICT Use in Science and Mathematics
Teaching: An Analysis of ICT Integration in Education. Journal of The Teofilo Kisanji University,
(2): 77–103.
—. 2010. The Practical Use of ICT in Science and Mathematics Teachers Training at DUCE: An Analysis of
Prospective Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Master dissertation, Enschede:
University of Twente.
Kafyulilo, A. C., P. Fisser & J. Voogt. 2012. Transforming Classroom Practices Through Teachers
Learning of TPACK: The Case of In-Service Teachers at Kibasila Secondary School in Tanzania.
In P. Resta (ed.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International
Conference (pp. 2861–2869). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. —. 2011. ICT Use in Science and Mathematics Teachers Preparation: Developing Pre-Service
Teachers’ TPACK. Paper presented at the E-Learning Africa Conference 25th
– 27th May. 2011,
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
—. 2015. Supporting Teachers Learning Through the Collaborative Design of Technology-Enhanced
Science Lessons. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 26: 673–694.
—. 2016. Factors Affecting Teachers’ Continuation of Technology Use in Teaching. Education and
Information Technology, 21, (1535–1554).
Keong, C., S. Horani & J. Daniel. 2005. A Study on The Use of ICT in Mathematics Teaching. Malaysian
Online Journal of Instructional Technology, 2(3): 43–51.
Kirscher, P., T. Wubbrls & M. Brekelmans. 2008. Benchmarks for Teacher Education Programs in
The Pedagogical Use of ICT. In J. Voogt & G. Knezek. (Eds), International Handbook of Information
and Technology in Primary and Secondary Education. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/
1007/978-0-387-73315-9_26.
Kitta, S. 2004. Enhancing Mathematics Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Skills in
Tanzania. Doctoral dissertation, Enschede, University of Twente.
Koehler, M. & P. Mishra. 2009. What Is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge?
Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1): 60–70.
Koehler, M. & P. Mishra. 2005. What Happens When Teachers Design Educational Technology? The
Development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge. Journal of Educational
Computing Research, 32(2), 131–152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/0ew7-01wb-bkhl-qdyv.
Koehler, M.J., P. Mishra & K. Yahya. 2007. Tracing the Development of Teacher Knowledge in a
Design Seminar: Integrating Content, Pedagogy & Technology. Computers and Education, 49(3),
–762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2005.11.012.
Lombard, M., J. Snyder-Duch & C.C. Bracken. 2002. Content Analysis in Mass Communication
Research: An Assessment and Reporting of Inter-Coder Reliability. Human Communication
Research, (28): 587–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x.
Luppicini, R. 2005. A Systems Definition of Educational Technology in Society. Educational
Technology & Society, 8(3): 103–109.
Martin, M. O., I.S. Mullis, P. Foy, F. Olson, E. C. Preuscho & E. Alka & J. Galia. 2008. TIMSS 2007
International Mathematics Report: Findings from IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and
Science Study at The Fourth and Eighth Grades. Boston: TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center.
Mbaki, L., M.J. Migosi & J.M. Muola. 2013. Determinants of Girls’ Performance in Science,
Mathematics and Technology Subjects in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. International
Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 5(3): 33–42.
Niess, M. L., R. N. Ronau, K. G. Shafer, S. O. Driskell, S. R. Harper, C. Johnston, C. Browning, S. A.
Özgün-Koca & G. Kersaint. 2009. Mathematics Teacher TPACK Standards and Development
Model. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 9(1): 4–24.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2009. CERI – ICT and Initial
Teachers Training. Retrieved on 23rd March 2010 from http://www.oecd.org/document/ 13/
,3343,en_2649_35845581_41676365_1_1_1_1,00.html.
Schmidt, D., E. Baran, A. Thompson, M.J. Koehler, P. Mishra & T. Shin. 2009, March. Examining PreService Teachers’ Development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge in An Introductory Instructional Technology Course. Paper presented at the 2009 International
Conference of the Society for the Information and Technology & Teacher Education.
Charleston: South Carolina.
Simmie, G. M. 2007. Teacher Design Teams (TDTS): Building Capacity for Innovation, Learning and
Curriculum Implementation in The Continuing Professional Development of In-Career
Teachers. Irish Educational Studies, 26(2): 163–176. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/ 0332331070
Tilya, F. 2003. Teacher Support for the Use of MBL in Activity-Based Physics Teaching in Tanzania.
Doctoral dissertation. Enschede: University of Twente.
Voogt, J. 2003. Consequences of ICT for Aims, Contents, Processes, and Environments of Learning.
In J. Van Den Akker, W. Kuiper & U. Hameyer (eds.) Curriculum Landscapes and Trends (pp. 217–
. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Voogt, J., H. Westbroek, A. Handelzalts, A., Walraven, S. Mckenney, J. Pieters & B. De Vries. 2011.
Teacher Learning in Collaborative Curriculum Design. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(8):
–1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2011.07.003.
Yin, R. K. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Yuen, A. & Ma, W. 2002. Gender Differences in Teacher Computer Acceptance. Journal of Technology
and Teacher Education, 10(3): 123–149.