Teachers’ Attitudes towards Sexuality Education: A Case of Primary Schools in Morogoro Region, Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Margareth J. Bilinga
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 2 No. 2 (2013)
Abstract
This paper is about teachers’ attitudes towards teaching sexuality education (SE) in
Morogoro rural and urban districts. It is based on a study which employed mixed
method design and used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It involved a
sample of 126 teachers residing from Morogoro rural and urban schools. Data were
obtained through interviews and questionnaire. It was revealed that a majority of the
teachers supported the teaching of SE in schools with more support of HIV and AIDS
contents than pregnancy and contraceptives. There was no significant difference in
terms of attitudes between teachers residing in rural and urban schools. This indicates
a paradigm shift towards supporting SE. Despite their positive attitudes, the majority
of teachers felt incompetent in teaching SE. Therefore, there is a need to support
teachers through appropriate training in the provision of SE.
Keywords
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- Avert, 2009. South African HIV and AIDS statistics. Avert AIDS information, viewed 17 Feb
- , from http//www.avert.org safricastatistics.htm.
- Ajzen. A. A. 1998. Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Miltone Keynes. Open University Press.
- Bryman, A. 2004. Social research methods. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Cohen, J.N., B. Sears & A. D. Weaver. 2004. Sexual health education: Attitudes, knowledge and
- confort of teachers in New Brunswick schools. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 13: 1–15.
- Cresswell, J. W. 2009. Research design: Quantitative qualitative and mixed method approaches. London:
- SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Eagly, A.H & S. Chaiken. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace
- College Publishers.
- Frimpong, S. O. 2008. Adolescents' perception of the practice of contraceptive. African
- Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, (1): 188–199.
- Gay, L. R. 1981. Education research competencies for analysis and application. Columbia: Charles E.
- Merrill Publishing co.
- Kirby, D. 2001. Emerging answers: New research findings on programme reducing teenage pregnancy.
- Washington D.C: National campaign to prevent teenage pregnancy.
- Kirby, D. 2002. The impact of schools and school programmes upon adolescent sexual behaviour.
- The Journal of Sex Research, 39: 27–33.
- Kirby, D., B.A. Laris & L. Rolleri. 2005. Impact of sex and HIV education programmes on sexual behaviours of
- youth in developing and developed countries. New York: Family Health International.
- Kothari, C.R. 2008. Research methodology: Methods and technique. New Delhi: Wishwa Pariahs.
- Lugoe, W. L. 1996. Predictionof Tanzania students HIV risk and preventive behaviour in
- Arusha Tanzania. PhD thesis, University of Bergen, Norway.
- Lyaniwura, C. A. 2004. Attitudes of teachers to school based adolescent reproductive health
- interventions. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 16(1): 4 – 9.
- Manstead, A.S. R 1996. Attitudes of Behaviour’ In G.R Semin and K. Fiedler (eds.). Applied
- social psychology. London: Sage Publication.
- Mathews, C., H. Boon, A.J Flisher & H.P. Schaalma. 2006. Factors associated with teachers’
- implementation of HIV/AIDS education in secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa.
- AIDS Care, 18: 388–397.
- Mbeo, F. E. 1997. A Social cultural study for institutionalisation of FLE in schools and at
- teachers college in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
- McKay, A. 1999. Sexual ideology and schooling: Towards democratic sexuality education. Albany, New
- York: State University of New York Press.
- Mkumbo, K.A.K. 2012. Teachers attitudes towards and comfort about teaching schoolbased education in urban-rural Tanzania. Journal of Health Science, 4(4): 149.
- —. 2008. An exploration of psychosocial factors affecting the development and delivery of
- school based sex and relationships education in Tanzania. Doctoral thesis, University
- of Southampton.
- Mtibuche, P. 2007, Wanafunzi 316 Dodoma wapewa mimba. Majira, p. 8.
- Oshi, D.C., S. Nakalema & L.L. Oshi. 2004. Cultural and social aspects of HIV/AIDS
- education in secondary schools in Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37: 175–183.
- Paulussen T,, G. Kok & H. Schaalma. 1994. Antecedents to adoption of classroombased AIDS
- education in secondary schools. Health Education Research: Theory & Practice, 9: 485–496.
- Patton, M. Q. 1990. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury, Park CA: Sage.
- Rwakarema, J. 2004, When teens pregnancy lead to school drop out in Morogoro. Daily
- News, Sunday January 4. p. 6.
- Shuby, K. 2004. Sexual and reproductive health need of young people: A study examining
- the fit between need and current programming Responses in India. PhD thesis,
- University of Bielefeld, India.
- Silverman, D. 2010. Doing qualitative research, (3rded). London: SAGE Publications.
- Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC), National
- Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and Macro
- International Inc. 2008. Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007–08. Dar es
- Salaam, Tanzania: TACAIDS, ZAC, NBS, OCGS, and Macro International Inc.
- United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2011. Basic education statistics in Tanzania National
- data. National and Regional Data. MoEVT Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Ministry of
- Education and Vocational Training.
- —. 2005. A Science syllabus for primary schools standard 1–7. Dar es Salaam: Ministry
- of Education and Culture.
- —. 2005. A personality development and sport syllabus for primary schools standard 1–7.
- Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Education and Culture.
- —. 2005. A Civics syllabus for primary schools standard 1–7. Dar es Salaam, Ministry of
- Education and Culture.
- UNAIDS. 2010. Report on global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Joint United Nations Joint
- Programme on HIV/AIDS AI UNICEF. 2001. Early marriage: Child spouses. Innocienti
- digest, Italy. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
- —. 2002. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Geneva: Joint United Nations Joint Programme on
- HIV/AIDS AIDS.
- Weaver, A. D., E.S. Byers, H. A. Sears, J.N. Cohen & H.E.S. Randal. 2002. Sexual health
- education at school and at home: Attitudes and experiences of New Brunswick parents.
- The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 11: 19–31.
- World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. A Reference guide to policies and practice:
- Sexuality education, Geneva.
- WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF. 2011. Global HIV/AIDS Response Epidemic update and health
- sector progress toward universal Access 2011.
- WHO/World Bank. 2004. Education and HIV and AIDS prevention programme
- source book.
- Washington: World Bank
References
Avert, 2009. South African HIV and AIDS statistics. Avert AIDS information, viewed 17 Feb
, from http//www.avert.org safricastatistics.htm.
Ajzen. A. A. 1998. Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Miltone Keynes. Open University Press.
Bryman, A. 2004. Social research methods. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cohen, J.N., B. Sears & A. D. Weaver. 2004. Sexual health education: Attitudes, knowledge and
confort of teachers in New Brunswick schools. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 13: 1–15.
Cresswell, J. W. 2009. Research design: Quantitative qualitative and mixed method approaches. London:
SAGE Publications Ltd.
Eagly, A.H & S. Chaiken. 1993. The psychology of attitudes. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace
College Publishers.
Frimpong, S. O. 2008. Adolescents' perception of the practice of contraceptive. African
Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, (1): 188–199.
Gay, L. R. 1981. Education research competencies for analysis and application. Columbia: Charles E.
Merrill Publishing co.
Kirby, D. 2001. Emerging answers: New research findings on programme reducing teenage pregnancy.
Washington D.C: National campaign to prevent teenage pregnancy.
Kirby, D. 2002. The impact of schools and school programmes upon adolescent sexual behaviour.
The Journal of Sex Research, 39: 27–33.
Kirby, D., B.A. Laris & L. Rolleri. 2005. Impact of sex and HIV education programmes on sexual behaviours of
youth in developing and developed countries. New York: Family Health International.
Kothari, C.R. 2008. Research methodology: Methods and technique. New Delhi: Wishwa Pariahs.
Lugoe, W. L. 1996. Predictionof Tanzania students HIV risk and preventive behaviour in
Arusha Tanzania. PhD thesis, University of Bergen, Norway.
Lyaniwura, C. A. 2004. Attitudes of teachers to school based adolescent reproductive health
interventions. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, 16(1): 4 – 9.
Manstead, A.S. R 1996. Attitudes of Behaviour’ In G.R Semin and K. Fiedler (eds.). Applied
social psychology. London: Sage Publication.
Mathews, C., H. Boon, A.J Flisher & H.P. Schaalma. 2006. Factors associated with teachers’
implementation of HIV/AIDS education in secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa.
AIDS Care, 18: 388–397.
Mbeo, F. E. 1997. A Social cultural study for institutionalisation of FLE in schools and at
teachers college in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
McKay, A. 1999. Sexual ideology and schooling: Towards democratic sexuality education. Albany, New
York: State University of New York Press.
Mkumbo, K.A.K. 2012. Teachers attitudes towards and comfort about teaching schoolbased education in urban-rural Tanzania. Journal of Health Science, 4(4): 149.
—. 2008. An exploration of psychosocial factors affecting the development and delivery of
school based sex and relationships education in Tanzania. Doctoral thesis, University
of Southampton.
Mtibuche, P. 2007, Wanafunzi 316 Dodoma wapewa mimba. Majira, p. 8.
Oshi, D.C., S. Nakalema & L.L. Oshi. 2004. Cultural and social aspects of HIV/AIDS
education in secondary schools in Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37: 175–183.
Paulussen T,, G. Kok & H. Schaalma. 1994. Antecedents to adoption of classroombased AIDS
education in secondary schools. Health Education Research: Theory & Practice, 9: 485–496.
Patton, M. Q. 1990. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury, Park CA: Sage.
Rwakarema, J. 2004, When teens pregnancy lead to school drop out in Morogoro. Daily
News, Sunday January 4. p. 6.
Shuby, K. 2004. Sexual and reproductive health need of young people: A study examining
the fit between need and current programming Responses in India. PhD thesis,
University of Bielefeld, India.
Silverman, D. 2010. Doing qualitative research, (3rded). London: SAGE Publications.
Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC), National
Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and Macro
International Inc. 2008. Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007–08. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania: TACAIDS, ZAC, NBS, OCGS, and Macro International Inc.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 2011. Basic education statistics in Tanzania National
data. National and Regional Data. MoEVT Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Ministry of
Education and Vocational Training.
—. 2005. A Science syllabus for primary schools standard 1–7. Dar es Salaam: Ministry
of Education and Culture.
—. 2005. A personality development and sport syllabus for primary schools standard 1–7.
Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Education and Culture.
—. 2005. A Civics syllabus for primary schools standard 1–7. Dar es Salaam, Ministry of
Education and Culture.
UNAIDS. 2010. Report on global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Joint United Nations Joint
Programme on HIV/AIDS AI UNICEF. 2001. Early marriage: Child spouses. Innocienti
digest, Italy. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
—. 2002. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Geneva: Joint United Nations Joint Programme on
HIV/AIDS AIDS.
Weaver, A. D., E.S. Byers, H. A. Sears, J.N. Cohen & H.E.S. Randal. 2002. Sexual health
education at school and at home: Attitudes and experiences of New Brunswick parents.
The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 11: 19–31.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2006. A Reference guide to policies and practice:
Sexuality education, Geneva.
WHO/UNAIDS/UNICEF. 2011. Global HIV/AIDS Response Epidemic update and health
sector progress toward universal Access 2011.
WHO/World Bank. 2004. Education and HIV and AIDS prevention programme
source book.
Washington: World Bank