Language Contest in the Linguistic Landscape of Sabasaba International Trade Exhibitions in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Emmanuel Ilonga
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 12 No. 2 (2023)
Abstract
This inquiry stems from the scarcity of research on linguistic landscape particularly
on the intersection between physical landscape, business fairs, and languages in Dar
es Salaam. Essentially, it discusses the complexities of linguistic signs at the Dar es
Salaam International Trade Fair (DITF) in Tanzania. The central purposes are
grounded in the roles of information and symbolism, power dynamics, group
identities, language policies, and rationale for the use of specific languages at the
fair. Photographic method was employed in the generation of data. The analysis of
data was framed in line with informational and symbolic frameworks, and
structuration principles. The findings unveil the superiority of Kiswahili and English
over other languages, which serve both informational and indexical roles. The
linguistic signs illustrate the identities of the makers. The rationale for using
Kiswahili, English, Chinese, Japanese; and the absence of ethnic community
languages has been justified. Fundamentally, the linguistic signs at the exhibitions
converge and deviate from the established language policies. Given the absence of
the ethnic languages in the fairgrounds, this article calls for inclusivity in the
competitive nature of languages in public spaces.
Keywords:
Keywords
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- Albury, N. J. 2018. Linguistic Landscape and Metalinguistic Talk About Societal Multilingualism.
- International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1–17.
- Backhaus, P. 2006. Multilingualism in Tokyo: A look into the Linguistic Landscape. International
- Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1): 52–66.
- Batibo, H. 1995. The Growth of Kiswahili as Language of Education and Administration in
- Tanzania. In M. Pütz (Ed.): Discrimination through Language in Africa. Perspectives on the
- Namibian Experience (pp. 57–80). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Amara, M. H. & Trumper-Hecht, N. 2006. Linguistic Landscape as
- Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel. International Journal of
- Multilingualism, 3(1): 7–30. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383.
- Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E. & Barni, M. 2010. Introduction: An Approach to an ‘Ordered
- Disorder’ Linguistic Landscape in the City. Multilingual Matters, xi-xxviii. https: //doi.org/
- 21832/9781847692993–002.
- Bowen, G.A. 2009. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research
- Journal, 9(2): 27–40. https: //doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
- Bwenge, C. 2009. Language Choice in Dar es Salaam’s billboards. In F. McLaughlin (ed.): The
- Languages of Urban Africa (pp. 152–177). New York, USA: Continuum International
- Publishing Group.
- Cenoz, J. & Gorter, D. 2006. Linguistic Landscape and Minority Languages. International Journal
- of Multilingualism, 3(1): 67–80. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668386.
- Coluzzi, P. 2009. The Italian Linguistic Landscape: The Cases of Milan and Udine. International
- Journal of Multilingualism, 6(3): 298–312.
- Crystal, D. 2003. English as a Global Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Chul-joon, Y. 2014. Shifting Agency in Shaping Linguistic Landscape: Evidence from Dar es
- Salaam, Tanzania. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 22: 45–64.
- Dörnyei, Z. 2011. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
- Methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- du Plessis, T. 2011. Language Visibility and Language Removal: A South African Case Study in
- Linguistic Landscape Change. Communicatio, 37(2): 194–224, DOI: 10.1080/02500167.
- 604170.
- Edelman, L. 2009. What’s in a Name? Classification of Proper Names By Language. In E.
- Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.): Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery (pp. 141–154). New
- York, NY: Routledge.
- Foster, M & Welsh, A. 2021. English Usage in the linguistic Landscape of Balikpapan’s Main
- Thoroughfares. Indonesia and the Malay World, 49(145): 448–469. DOI: 10.1080/ 13639811.
- 1959162.
- Gorter, D., Cenoz, J. & van der Worp, K. 2021. The Linguistic Landscape as a Resource for
- Language Learning and Raising Language Awareness. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching,
- (2): 161–181. DOI: 10.1080/23247797.2021.2014029.
- Huebner, T. 2016. Linguistic Landscape: History, Trajectory and Pedagogy. MANUSYA: Journal
- of Humanities, 22: 1–11.
- Ilonga, E. 2022. Examining the Complementarity of Multiple Linguistic Repertoires in Negotiating
- Meaning in Online Telecom Advertisements: A Translanguaging Perspective. PhD dissertation,
- University of Dar es Salaam.
- Karam, F. J., Warren, A., Kibler, A. K. & Shweiry, Z. 2020. Beiruti Linguistic Landscape: An
- Analysis of Private Store Fronts. International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(2): 196–214. DOI:
- 1080/14790718.2018.1529178 Kidami, R. P. 2017. Matumizi ya Lugha Katika Mandhari - Lugha ya Jiji la Dar es Salaam:
- Ulinganishi wa Dhima za Kiswahili na Kiingereza. JULACE: Journal of University of Namibia
- Language Centre, 2(1): 134–157.
- Kidami, R. P. 2018. Uhusiano wa Kiswahili na Kiingereza katika Muktadha wa Kimandhari - Lugha
- Nchini Tanzania: Uchunguzi Kifani wa Eneo la Mlimani City jijini Dar es Salaam. Utafiti, 13:
- –162.
- Lai, M. L. 2013. The Linguistic Landscape of Hong Kong After the Change of Sovereignty.
- International Journal of Multilingualism, 10(3): 251–272.
- Landry, R. & Bourhis, R. Y. 1997. Linguistic landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical
- Study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16: 23–49. http: //jls.sagepub. com/
- content/16/1/23.
- Legère, K. 2006. Language Endangerment in Tanzania: Identifying and Maintaining
- Endangered Languages. South African Journal of African Languages, 26(3).
- LoT, 2009. Atlasi ya Lugha za Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: University of Dar es Salaam.
- Lusekelo, A. & Alphonce, C. 2018. The Linguistic Landscape of Urban Tanzania: An Account of
- the Language of Billboards and Shop-Signs in District Headquarters. Journal of Language,
- Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 9: 1–28.
- Lusekelo, A. & Buberwa, A. 2021. Swahili and English Sell, But What About Iraqw and Sukuma?
- Tanzanian Native Languages and Ethnic Affiliations in Bottom-Up Commercial Signage.
- Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, 10(1): 77–103.
- Lusekelo, A. & Mdukula, P. C. 2021. The linguistic landscape of urban Tanzania in Dodoma
- city. UTAFITI, 16, 63–94.
- Manan, S. A., David, M. K., Dumanig, P. F. & Naqeebullah, K. 2014. Politics, Economics and
- Identity: Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal
- of Multilingualism, 12(1): 31–50.
- Mapunda, G. 2015. The changing roles of English in Tanzania: Past and Present. In M. Michieka
- and Y. Elhindi (Eds.) the Changing Roles of English in Eastern Africa (pp. 34–57). Common
- Ground Publishing.
- Mdukula, P. C. 2018. Linguistic Landscape of Public Health Institutions in Tanzania: The Case of
- Muhimbili National Hospital. PhD thesis, University of Dar es Salaam.
- Nikolaus, A. 2016. Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Athens: The Case of Shop Signs.
- International Journal of Multilingualism, 1–23. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 14790718. 2016.
- Pennycook, A. 2008. Linguistic Landscapes and the Transgressive Semiotics of Graffiti. Routledge.
- Polome, E., and Hill, 1980. Language in Tanzania. London. IAI Smulowitz, S. 2017. Document
- Analysis. In J. Matthes, C. S. Davis, and R. F. Potter (eds.).
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- iecrm0071.
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- Salaam, Tanzania. Government Printer.
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- tantrade.go.tz/exhibition/DITF+Overview+-+SABA+SABA.
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- Tanzania. Government Printer.
- URT. 2003. Information and Broadcasting Policy. Dar es Salaam. Prime Minister's Office.
- URT. 2014. Education and Training Policy. Dar es Salaam. Ministry of Education and Training.
- URT. 2018. The Electronic and Postal Communications (Value Added Services) Regulations. Dar es
- Salaam, Tanzania. Government Printer.
- URT. 2021. Saba Saba – Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from
- https: //unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/the-people-of-tanzania/daily-life-in-tanzania-and- social-
- customs/national-public-holidays-in-tanzania/saba-saba-day-dar-es-salaam-international-trade-
- fair-ditf-sabasaba/.
- Woo, W. S. & Riget, P. N. 2020. Linguistic Landscape in Kuala Lumpur International Airport,
- Malaysia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–20.
- Xiao, R. & Lee, C. 2019. English in the Linguistic Landscape of the Palace Museum: A Field-
- Based Sociolinguistic Approach. Social Semiotics: 1–20.
References
Albury, N. J. 2018. Linguistic Landscape and Metalinguistic Talk About Societal Multilingualism.
International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1–17.
Backhaus, P. 2006. Multilingualism in Tokyo: A look into the Linguistic Landscape. International
Journal of Multilingualism, 3(1): 52–66.
Batibo, H. 1995. The Growth of Kiswahili as Language of Education and Administration in
Tanzania. In M. Pütz (Ed.): Discrimination through Language in Africa. Perspectives on the
Namibian Experience (pp. 57–80). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E., Amara, M. H. & Trumper-Hecht, N. 2006. Linguistic Landscape as
Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel. International Journal of
Multilingualism, 3(1): 7–30. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668383.
Ben-Rafael, E., Shohamy, E. & Barni, M. 2010. Introduction: An Approach to an ‘Ordered
Disorder’ Linguistic Landscape in the City. Multilingual Matters, xi-xxviii. https: //doi.org/
21832/9781847692993–002.
Bowen, G.A. 2009. Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research
Journal, 9(2): 27–40. https: //doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027.
Bwenge, C. 2009. Language Choice in Dar es Salaam’s billboards. In F. McLaughlin (ed.): The
Languages of Urban Africa (pp. 152–177). New York, USA: Continuum International
Publishing Group.
Cenoz, J. & Gorter, D. 2006. Linguistic Landscape and Minority Languages. International Journal
of Multilingualism, 3(1): 67–80. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/14790710608668386.
Coluzzi, P. 2009. The Italian Linguistic Landscape: The Cases of Milan and Udine. International
Journal of Multilingualism, 6(3): 298–312.
Crystal, D. 2003. English as a Global Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Chul-joon, Y. 2014. Shifting Agency in Shaping Linguistic Landscape: Evidence from Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 22: 45–64.
Dörnyei, Z. 2011. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Methodologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
du Plessis, T. 2011. Language Visibility and Language Removal: A South African Case Study in
Linguistic Landscape Change. Communicatio, 37(2): 194–224, DOI: 10.1080/02500167.
604170.
Edelman, L. 2009. What’s in a Name? Classification of Proper Names By Language. In E.
Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.): Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery (pp. 141–154). New
York, NY: Routledge.
Foster, M & Welsh, A. 2021. English Usage in the linguistic Landscape of Balikpapan’s Main
Thoroughfares. Indonesia and the Malay World, 49(145): 448–469. DOI: 10.1080/ 13639811.
1959162.
Gorter, D., Cenoz, J. & van der Worp, K. 2021. The Linguistic Landscape as a Resource for
Language Learning and Raising Language Awareness. Journal of Spanish Language Teaching,
(2): 161–181. DOI: 10.1080/23247797.2021.2014029.
Huebner, T. 2016. Linguistic Landscape: History, Trajectory and Pedagogy. MANUSYA: Journal
of Humanities, 22: 1–11.
Ilonga, E. 2022. Examining the Complementarity of Multiple Linguistic Repertoires in Negotiating
Meaning in Online Telecom Advertisements: A Translanguaging Perspective. PhD dissertation,
University of Dar es Salaam.
Karam, F. J., Warren, A., Kibler, A. K. & Shweiry, Z. 2020. Beiruti Linguistic Landscape: An
Analysis of Private Store Fronts. International Journal of Multilingualism, 17(2): 196–214. DOI:
1080/14790718.2018.1529178 Kidami, R. P. 2017. Matumizi ya Lugha Katika Mandhari - Lugha ya Jiji la Dar es Salaam:
Ulinganishi wa Dhima za Kiswahili na Kiingereza. JULACE: Journal of University of Namibia
Language Centre, 2(1): 134–157.
Kidami, R. P. 2018. Uhusiano wa Kiswahili na Kiingereza katika Muktadha wa Kimandhari - Lugha
Nchini Tanzania: Uchunguzi Kifani wa Eneo la Mlimani City jijini Dar es Salaam. Utafiti, 13:
–162.
Lai, M. L. 2013. The Linguistic Landscape of Hong Kong After the Change of Sovereignty.
International Journal of Multilingualism, 10(3): 251–272.
Landry, R. & Bourhis, R. Y. 1997. Linguistic landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical
Study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16: 23–49. http: //jls.sagepub. com/
content/16/1/23.
Legère, K. 2006. Language Endangerment in Tanzania: Identifying and Maintaining
Endangered Languages. South African Journal of African Languages, 26(3).
LoT, 2009. Atlasi ya Lugha za Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: University of Dar es Salaam.
Lusekelo, A. & Alphonce, C. 2018. The Linguistic Landscape of Urban Tanzania: An Account of
the Language of Billboards and Shop-Signs in District Headquarters. Journal of Language,
Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, 9: 1–28.
Lusekelo, A. & Buberwa, A. 2021. Swahili and English Sell, But What About Iraqw and Sukuma?
Tanzanian Native Languages and Ethnic Affiliations in Bottom-Up Commercial Signage.
Journal of Education, Humanities and Sciences, 10(1): 77–103.
Lusekelo, A. & Mdukula, P. C. 2021. The linguistic landscape of urban Tanzania in Dodoma
city. UTAFITI, 16, 63–94.
Manan, S. A., David, M. K., Dumanig, P. F. & Naqeebullah, K. 2014. Politics, Economics and
Identity: Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal
of Multilingualism, 12(1): 31–50.
Mapunda, G. 2015. The changing roles of English in Tanzania: Past and Present. In M. Michieka
and Y. Elhindi (Eds.) the Changing Roles of English in Eastern Africa (pp. 34–57). Common
Ground Publishing.
Mdukula, P. C. 2018. Linguistic Landscape of Public Health Institutions in Tanzania: The Case of
Muhimbili National Hospital. PhD thesis, University of Dar es Salaam.
Nikolaus, A. 2016. Mapping the Linguistic Landscape of Athens: The Case of Shop Signs.
International Journal of Multilingualism, 1–23. http: //dx.doi.org/10.1080/ 14790718. 2016.
Pennycook, A. 2008. Linguistic Landscapes and the Transgressive Semiotics of Graffiti. Routledge.
Polome, E., and Hill, 1980. Language in Tanzania. London. IAI Smulowitz, S. 2017. Document
Analysis. In J. Matthes, C. S. Davis, and R. F. Potter (eds.).
The International Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods (pp. 1–8). doi: 10.1002/978111
iecrm0071.
Spolsky, B. & Cooper, R. 1991. The Languages of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon Press.TCRA 2018. The Electronic and Postal Communications (Value Added Services) Regulations. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania. Government Printer.
Tantrade. 2022. DITF overview - Sabasaba. Retrieved November 22, 2023, from https: //www.
tantrade.go.tz/exhibition/DITF+Overview+-+SABA+SABA.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). 1997. Cultural Policy: Policy Statements. Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania. Government Printer.
URT. 2003. Information and Broadcasting Policy. Dar es Salaam. Prime Minister's Office.
URT. 2014. Education and Training Policy. Dar es Salaam. Ministry of Education and Training.
URT. 2018. The Electronic and Postal Communications (Value Added Services) Regulations. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania. Government Printer.
URT. 2021. Saba Saba – Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair. Retrieved November 11, 2023, from
https: //unitedrepublicoftanzania.com/the-people-of-tanzania/daily-life-in-tanzania-and- social-
customs/national-public-holidays-in-tanzania/saba-saba-day-dar-es-salaam-international-trade-
fair-ditf-sabasaba/.
Woo, W. S. & Riget, P. N. 2020. Linguistic Landscape in Kuala Lumpur International Airport,
Malaysia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1–20.
Xiao, R. & Lee, C. 2019. English in the Linguistic Landscape of the Palace Museum: A Field-
Based Sociolinguistic Approach. Social Semiotics: 1–20.