Patterns of Linkages Between Technical Institutions and Extractive Industries in Developing Practical Skills of Graduates in Tanzania
Corresponding Author(s) : Kenneth Raston Nzowa
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021)
Abstract
This study sought to examine patterns of linkages between technical institutions and
extractive industries in developing practical skills of graduates. Specifically, the objectives
were to examine forms of linkages between technical institutions and extractive industry
firms in selected sites; and analyse work-organizing in linkages of technical institutions
with extractive industry firms. To this end, a multiple-case study design was employed.
Data collection involved a total of 55 participants, constituting 21 trainees, 12 trainers,
and 3 principals/deputy principals. Other participants were 15 officials from extractive
industry firms; 3 from regulatory body for technical institutions, as well as 1 industrial
association in Tanzania. Data were generated from documentary reviews, semi-structured
interviews, and focus group discussions (FGDs). The findings revealed that the patterns of
linkages in the selected technical institutions and extractive industry firms is shaped by
technical institutions and firms that seem to loosely couple the efficient coordination and
cooperation on activities related to developing relevant practical skills of graduates.
Evidence shows that activities are executed without orientation to the actual partners in
the linkages; and the roles in the linkages were accepted without shared expectations,
intentions, and objectives. As a result, technical institutions tightly conform to
institutional demands with loose conformity to developing relevant practical skills
processes. Based on the findings, the study recommends the government to intervene by
enforcing and fostering the linkages to achieve the required objectives through
intermediary actions and creation of institutional environment for participation of key
stakeholders in developing practical skills of graduates in technical institutions,
Keywords:
Keywords
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- Allais, S. & V. Wedekind. 2020. Targets, TVET and Transformation. In A. Wulff (Ed.), Grading Goal
- Four: Tensions, Threats and Opportunities in Sustainable Development Goals and on Quality Education
- Leiden: Brill Sense, pp. 322–338.
- Anderson, W. & J. J. Sanga. 2018. Academia-Industry Partnerships for Hospitality and Tourism
- Education in Tanzania. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1–15. doi: 10.1080/
- 2018.1480959.
- Ankrah, S. & O. Al-Tabbaa. 2015. Universities-Industry Collaboration: A Systematic Review.
- Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 387-408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scaman.
- 02.003.
- Auta, M. S. A. 2015. Strategies for Evaluation of Students’ Proficiency in Practical Skills in NCE
- (Technical) Building Technology Education, International Journal of Vocational and Technical
- Education, 7(9): 96–99. doi: 10.5897/IJVTE2015.0181.
- Bagale, S. 2018. Necessity of Linkage of TEVT With Industry in Nepal. International Journal of Social
- Sciences and Management, 5(4): 2037–2242. doi: 10.3126/Ijssm.V5i4.21377.
- Bowen, G. A. 2009. Document Analysis As a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research
- Journal, 9(2): 27–40.
- Diestche, E. 2020. Jobs, Skills and the Extractive Industries: A Review and Situation Analysis. Mineral
- Economics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S13563-020-00219-2.
- Fleming, J. 2015. Exploring Stakeholders’ Perspectives of the Influences on Student Learning in
- Cooperative Education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education 16(2): 109–119.
- Flick, U. 2018. An Introduction to Qualitative Research (6 edn.). Sage.
- Gessler, M. 2017. The Lack of Collaboration Between Companies and Schools in the German Dual
- Apprenticeship System: Historical Background and Recent Data. International Journal for Research
- in Vocational Education and Training, 4(2): 164–195. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.4.2.4.
- Gulati, R., F. Wohlgezogen & P. Zhelyazkov. 2012. The Two Facets of Collaboration: Cooperation
- and Coordination in Strategic Alliances. Academy of Management Annals, 6, 531–583.
- Gunadi, M., M. Alias, S. Herminarto & M. B. Triyono. 2020. Designing Industrial Internship Model
- to Improve the Skills of Prospective Vocational Teachers. Journal of Technical Education and
- Training, 12(1): 140–148. doi: 10.30880/Jtet.2020.12.01.015.
- Haji, M. 2015. Youth Employment in Tanzania: Taking Stock of the Evidence and Knowledge Gaps
- Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Centre, pp. 1–26.
- Ishengoma, E. & T. I. Vaaland. 2016. Can University-Industry Linkages Stimulate Student
- Employability? Education and Training, 58(1): 18–44. doi: 10.1108/ ET-11-2014-0137.
- Kamuhabwa, L. R. 2019. The Graduates’ Employability Challenges in Tanzania: A Philosophical
- Response from Martin Buber’s Concept of Education As a Dialogue. International Journal of
- Educational Excellence, 5(2): 75–99. doi: 10.18562/IJEE.050.
- Mandalu, M., D. R. Thakhathi & H. Costa. 2017. Tanzania Under Dependency and Neoliberalism
- Periods: Examination of Economic Theories Since Independence. International Journal of
- Research. & Methodology in Social Science, 3(2): 24–41.
- Miles, M. B., M. Huberman & J. Saldaña. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3 Ed.).
- London: SAGE Publications.
- Moest. 2018. Education Sector Development Plan (2016/17–2020/21): Tanzania Mainland. Dar es
- Salaam: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
- Moevt. 2013. Technical Education and Vocational Training Development Programme. Dar es Salaam:
- Ministry of Education and Vocational Training.
- Mpehongwa, G. 2013. Academia-Industry-Government Linkages in Tanzania: Trends, Challenges
- and Prospects. Global Journal of Education Research, 1(1): 084–091.
- NACTE. 2015. Improving Labour Market Responsiveness to Technical Training in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam:
- National Council for Technical Education.
- Ndyali, L. 2016. Higher Education System and Jobless Graduates in Tanzania. Journal of Education
- and Practice, 7(4): 116–121.
- Ngcwangu, S. 2015. The Ideological Underpinnings of World Bank TVET Policy: Implications of the
- Influence of Human Capital Theory on South African TVET Policy Education As Change. 19(3): 24-
- doi: 10.1080/16823206.2015.1085620.
- Nienhüser, W. 2008. Resource Dependence Theory: How Well Does it Explain Behavior of
- Organizations? Management Revue. 19(1/2): 9–32.
- Nsanzumuhire, S. U. & W. Groot. 2020. Context Perspective on University-Industry Collaboration
- Processes: A Systematic Review of Literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120861. doi:
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120861.
- O' Leary, Z. 2014. The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. Thousabd Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Page, J. M. 2018. Rowing Agaist the Current: Diversification in Africa's Resources-Rich Economies. (WIDER
- Working Paper No.2018/68). Hilsinki.
- Remington, T. F. & Marques II, I. 2019. Partnerships for Skill Development in Russia. Post-Communist
- Economies. doi: 10.1080/14631377.2019.1640990.
- Saunders, M., P. Lewis & A. Thornhill. 2009. Research Methods for Business Students (5 Ed.). London:
- Pearson Education.
- Stake. 2006. Multiple Case Analysis. London: The Guilford Press.
- Vaaland, T. I. & E. Ishengoma. 2016. University- Industry Linkages in Developing Countries:
- Perceived Effect on Innovation. Education and Training, 58(9): 1–26.
- Vo, X. 2019. Dual or Complemental in Vocational Training: Which Concept Would Be Suitable for
- TVET Vietnam? the Online Journal of Vocational Education and Training in Asia (13): 1–16).
- WEF. 2017. The Future of Jobs and Skills in Africa: Preparing the Region for the Fourth Industrial
- Revolution. Geneva.
- Wilson, M. 2016. Industrial Attachment Challenges: Lessons Drawn from Gweru Polytechnic College
- in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(9): 37–42.
- Yin, R. K. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods London: SAGE Publication
References
Allais, S. & V. Wedekind. 2020. Targets, TVET and Transformation. In A. Wulff (Ed.), Grading Goal
Four: Tensions, Threats and Opportunities in Sustainable Development Goals and on Quality Education
Leiden: Brill Sense, pp. 322–338.
Anderson, W. & J. J. Sanga. 2018. Academia-Industry Partnerships for Hospitality and Tourism
Education in Tanzania. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 1–15. doi: 10.1080/
2018.1480959.
Ankrah, S. & O. Al-Tabbaa. 2015. Universities-Industry Collaboration: A Systematic Review.
Scandinavian Journal of Management, 31(3), 387-408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.scaman.
02.003.
Auta, M. S. A. 2015. Strategies for Evaluation of Students’ Proficiency in Practical Skills in NCE
(Technical) Building Technology Education, International Journal of Vocational and Technical
Education, 7(9): 96–99. doi: 10.5897/IJVTE2015.0181.
Bagale, S. 2018. Necessity of Linkage of TEVT With Industry in Nepal. International Journal of Social
Sciences and Management, 5(4): 2037–2242. doi: 10.3126/Ijssm.V5i4.21377.
Bowen, G. A. 2009. Document Analysis As a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research
Journal, 9(2): 27–40.
Diestche, E. 2020. Jobs, Skills and the Extractive Industries: A Review and Situation Analysis. Mineral
Economics. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S13563-020-00219-2.
Fleming, J. 2015. Exploring Stakeholders’ Perspectives of the Influences on Student Learning in
Cooperative Education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education 16(2): 109–119.
Flick, U. 2018. An Introduction to Qualitative Research (6 edn.). Sage.
Gessler, M. 2017. The Lack of Collaboration Between Companies and Schools in the German Dual
Apprenticeship System: Historical Background and Recent Data. International Journal for Research
in Vocational Education and Training, 4(2): 164–195. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/IJRVET.4.2.4.
Gulati, R., F. Wohlgezogen & P. Zhelyazkov. 2012. The Two Facets of Collaboration: Cooperation
and Coordination in Strategic Alliances. Academy of Management Annals, 6, 531–583.
Gunadi, M., M. Alias, S. Herminarto & M. B. Triyono. 2020. Designing Industrial Internship Model
to Improve the Skills of Prospective Vocational Teachers. Journal of Technical Education and
Training, 12(1): 140–148. doi: 10.30880/Jtet.2020.12.01.015.
Haji, M. 2015. Youth Employment in Tanzania: Taking Stock of the Evidence and Knowledge Gaps
Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Centre, pp. 1–26.
Ishengoma, E. & T. I. Vaaland. 2016. Can University-Industry Linkages Stimulate Student
Employability? Education and Training, 58(1): 18–44. doi: 10.1108/ ET-11-2014-0137.
Kamuhabwa, L. R. 2019. The Graduates’ Employability Challenges in Tanzania: A Philosophical
Response from Martin Buber’s Concept of Education As a Dialogue. International Journal of
Educational Excellence, 5(2): 75–99. doi: 10.18562/IJEE.050.
Mandalu, M., D. R. Thakhathi & H. Costa. 2017. Tanzania Under Dependency and Neoliberalism
Periods: Examination of Economic Theories Since Independence. International Journal of
Research. & Methodology in Social Science, 3(2): 24–41.
Miles, M. B., M. Huberman & J. Saldaña. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3 Ed.).
London: SAGE Publications.
Moest. 2018. Education Sector Development Plan (2016/17–2020/21): Tanzania Mainland. Dar es
Salaam: Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
Moevt. 2013. Technical Education and Vocational Training Development Programme. Dar es Salaam:
Ministry of Education and Vocational Training.
Mpehongwa, G. 2013. Academia-Industry-Government Linkages in Tanzania: Trends, Challenges
and Prospects. Global Journal of Education Research, 1(1): 084–091.
NACTE. 2015. Improving Labour Market Responsiveness to Technical Training in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam:
National Council for Technical Education.
Ndyali, L. 2016. Higher Education System and Jobless Graduates in Tanzania. Journal of Education
and Practice, 7(4): 116–121.
Ngcwangu, S. 2015. The Ideological Underpinnings of World Bank TVET Policy: Implications of the
Influence of Human Capital Theory on South African TVET Policy Education As Change. 19(3): 24-
doi: 10.1080/16823206.2015.1085620.
Nienhüser, W. 2008. Resource Dependence Theory: How Well Does it Explain Behavior of
Organizations? Management Revue. 19(1/2): 9–32.
Nsanzumuhire, S. U. & W. Groot. 2020. Context Perspective on University-Industry Collaboration
Processes: A Systematic Review of Literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120861. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120861.
O' Leary, Z. 2014. The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. Thousabd Oaks, CA: Sage.
Page, J. M. 2018. Rowing Agaist the Current: Diversification in Africa's Resources-Rich Economies. (WIDER
Working Paper No.2018/68). Hilsinki.
Remington, T. F. & Marques II, I. 2019. Partnerships for Skill Development in Russia. Post-Communist
Economies. doi: 10.1080/14631377.2019.1640990.
Saunders, M., P. Lewis & A. Thornhill. 2009. Research Methods for Business Students (5 Ed.). London:
Pearson Education.
Stake. 2006. Multiple Case Analysis. London: The Guilford Press.
Vaaland, T. I. & E. Ishengoma. 2016. University- Industry Linkages in Developing Countries:
Perceived Effect on Innovation. Education and Training, 58(9): 1–26.
Vo, X. 2019. Dual or Complemental in Vocational Training: Which Concept Would Be Suitable for
TVET Vietnam? the Online Journal of Vocational Education and Training in Asia (13): 1–16).
WEF. 2017. The Future of Jobs and Skills in Africa: Preparing the Region for the Fourth Industrial
Revolution. Geneva.
Wilson, M. 2016. Industrial Attachment Challenges: Lessons Drawn from Gweru Polytechnic College
in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(9): 37–42.
Yin, R. K. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods London: SAGE Publication